@article{kirovski2003spread-spectrum,
author = {Kirovski, Darko and Malvar, Henrique S.},
title = {Spread-Spectrum Watermarking of Audio Signals},
year = {2003},
month = {April},
abstract = {Watermarking has become a technology of choice for a broad range of multimedia copyright protection applications. Watermarks have also been used to embed format-independent metadata in audio/video signals in a way that is robust to common editing. In this paper, we present several novel mechanisms for effective encoding and detection of direct-sequence spread-spectrum watermarks in audio signals. The developed techniques aim at i) improving detection convergence and robustness, ii) improving watermark imperceptiveness, iii) preventing desynchronization attacks, iv) alleviating estimation/removal attacks, and finally, v) establishing covert communication over a public audio channel. We explore the security implications of the developed mechanisms and review watermark robustness on a benchmark suite that includes a combination of audio processing primitives including: time- and frequency-scaling with wow-and-flutter, additive and multiplicative noise, resampling, requantization, noise reduction, and filtering.},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.},
url = {http://approjects.co.za/?big=en-us/research/publication/spread-spectrum-watermarking-of-audio-signals/},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
}