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[(As)-440(a)-440(summary)64(,)-488(our)-440(techniques)-441(are)-440(able)-441(to)-441(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(ely)-439(e)14(xtract)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(question-answer)-374(pairs:)-558(1\))-374(our)-374(question)-374(detection)-374(method)-374(outper)19(-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(formed)-417(rule-based)-417(methods)-418(and)-417(the)-417(method)-417([18];)-501(2\))-418(our)-417(graph-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(based)-510(method)-510(outperformed)-510(a)-509(baseline,)-575(three)-510(IR)-510(methods)-510(and)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(classi\002cation-based)-373(re-ranking;)-434(3\))-373(the)-373(inte)14(gration)-372(of)-373(graph-based)]TJ T* [(model)-218(with)-219(classi\002cation)-218(method)-218(impro)14(v)15(ed)-218(the)-218(classi\002cation-based)]TJ T* [(re-ranking;)-250(4\))-250(the)-250(le)14(xical)-249(mapping)-250(did)-250(not)-250(help)-250(in)-250(our)-250(e)14(xperiments.)]TJ /T1_1 11.95 Tf 0 -26.14 TD [(6.)-1000(CONCLUSIONS)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.95 Td [(In)-595(this)-596(paper)39(,)-681(we)-595(described)-596(a)-596(ne)24(w)-595(approach)-595(to)-596(e)14(xtracting)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(question-answer)-235(pairs)-235(from)-235(online)-235(forums.)-305(The)-235(e)14(xtracted)-234(question-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(answer)-306(pairs)-306(could)-306(be)-305(used)-306(to)-306(enrich)-306(the)-306(kno)24(wledge)-305(base)-306(of)-306(com-)]TJ T* [(munity)-257(based)-258(QA)-257(service,)-260(instant)-257(answer)-258(service)-257(and)-257(Chatbot.)-333(Ex-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(perimental)-268(results)-268(on)-268(real)-268(data)-268(sho)24(w)-267(that)-268(our)-268(approach)-268(is)-268(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(e.)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(In)-266(the)-266(future,)-270(we)-266(will)-265(in)39(v)15(estig)5(ate)-265(the)-266(follo)24(wing)-265(problems:)-342(1\))-266(to)-266(de-)]TJ T* [(tect)-274(questions)-273(without)-274(answers;)-286(2\))-274(to)-274(re)24(visit)-272(more)-274(TREC)-274(QA)-274(tech-)]TJ T* [(niques)-380(to)-381(see)-380(if)-381(the)14(y)-379(can)-381(help)-380(answer)-381(detection)-380(in)-380(forums)]TJ /T1_0 5.98 Tf 218.61 3.81 Td (10)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.48 -3.81 Td [(;)-445(3\))]TJ -225.09 -10.45 Td [(to)-374(model)-374(the)-374(relationship)-373(of)-374(questions)-374(in)-374(the)-374(same)-374(thread)-374(to)-374(im-)]TJ T* [(pro)14(v)15(e)-250(answer)-251(detection,)-251(considering)-251(that)-252(each)-251(thread)-251(contain)-251(about)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.4 w q 1 0 0 1 -18.2 -634.48 cm 0 0 m 119.52 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 51.8043 78.5004 Tm (10)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 6.48 -3.81 Td (In)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm -5.086 -645.13 Td [(our)-250(corpus)-250(there)-250(are)-250(10%)-250(f)9(actoid)-249(questions)-250(well)-250(studied)-250(in)-250(TREC)-250(QA)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 23 cm 0 0 m 240.01 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 13.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 334.8736 736.4846 Tm (Data)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 13.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 375.2449 736.4846 Tm (Method)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 13.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 413.8957 736.4846 Tm (P@1\(#\))Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 372.201 16.48 Td [(on)-250(all)-250(Qs)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 13.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 487.4563 736.4846 Tm (P@1\(#\))Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 445.741 16.48 Td [(on)-250(subset)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 13.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 13.54 cm 0 0 m 240.01 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 4.33 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 326.0011 727.022 Tm (A-Trip2)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 4.33 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 382.877 727.022 Tm (N)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 316.946 7.02 Td (A)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 4.33 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 727.022 Tm (0.611\(102\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 4.33 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 727.022 Tm (0.730\(73\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 4.33 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -4.64 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 333.6232 718.0495 Tm (\(167\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -4.64 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 383.2171 718.0495 Tm (KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -4.64 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 718.0495 Tm (0.647\(108\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -4.64 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 718.0495 Tm (0.740\(74\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -4.64 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -13.6 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -13.6 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 377.4455 709.0869 Tm (G+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -13.6 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 709.0869 Tm (0.743)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(124\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -13.6 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 709.0869 Tm (0.860)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(86\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -13.6 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -13.85 cm 0 0 m 240.01 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -23.06 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.19 699.6243 Tm (A-Lonely)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -23.06 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 382.877 699.6243 Tm (N)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 316.946 -20.37 Td (A)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -23.06 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 699.6243 Tm (0.474\(128\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -23.06 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 699.6243 Tm (0.666\(68\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -23.06 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -32.03 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 333.6232 690.6518 Tm (\(270\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -32.03 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 383.2171 690.6518 Tm (KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -32.03 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 690.6518 Tm (0.541\(146\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -32.03 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 690.6518 Tm (0.745\(76\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -32.03 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -40.99 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -40.99 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 377.4455 681.6893 Tm (G+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -40.99 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 681.6893 Tm (0.622)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(168\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -40.99 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 681.6893 Tm (0.843)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(86\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -40.99 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -41.24 cm 0 0 m 240.01 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -50.45 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 324.8808 672.2266 Tm (A-Boots)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -50.45 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 382.877 672.2266 Tm (N)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 316.946 -47.76 Td (A)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -50.45 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 672.2266 Tm (0.472\(169\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -50.45 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 672.2266 Tm (0.730\(73\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -50.45 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -59.42 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 333.6232 663.2541 Tm (\(358\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -59.42 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 383.2171 663.2541 Tm (KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -59.42 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 663.2541 Tm (0.494\(177\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -59.42 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 663.2541 Tm (0.740\(74\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -59.42 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -68.38 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 297.78 -68.38 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 377.4455 654.2916 Tm (G+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 336.42 -68.38 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 425.499 654.2916 Tm (0.612)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(219\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 409.96 -68.38 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 501.9203 654.2916 Tm (0.880)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(88\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 484.75 -68.38 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -68.63 cm 0 0 m 240.01 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.3918 633.9659 Tm (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 297.462 -86.01 Td [(able)-249(8:)-310(The)-250(e)14(v)10(aluation)-249(on)-250(other)-250(data)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -52.722 -11.75 Td [(3)-288(questions)-288(on)-288(a)19(v)15(erage)-287(and)-288(the)14(y)-287(may)-289(share)-288(the)-288(same)-288(answer)-288(para-)]TJ T* [(graph.)-327(In)-256(addition,)-257(we)-256(will)-255(also)-256(in)39(v)15(estig)5(ate)-255(the)-256(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(eness)-254(of)-256(our)]TJ T* [(techniques)-250(in)-250(passage)-250(retrie)24(v)25(al)-249(on)-250(TREC)-250(QA)-250(data.)]TJ /T1_1 11.95 Tf 0 -23.3 TD [(7.)-1000(REFERENCES)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 3.99 -6.07 Td [([1])-562(A.)-250(L.)-250(Ber)17(ger)40(,)-249(R.)-250(Caruana,)-250(D.)-250(Cohn,)-250(D.)-250(Freitag,)-250(and)-250(V)128(.)-249(O.)-250(Mittal.)]TJ 13.77 -8.97 Td [(Bridging)-250(the)-250(le)14(xical)-249(chasm:)-310(statistical)-250(approaches)-250(to)-250(answer)19(-\002nding.)]TJ 0 -8.96 TD (In)Tj /T1_3 7.97 Tf 8.63 0 Td [(Pr)45(oc.)-249(of)-250(SIGIR)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf [(,)-249(2000.)]TJ -22.4 -9.96 Td [([2])-562(S.)-250(Brin)-250(and)-250(L.)-250(P)14(age.)-249(The)-250(anatomy)-250(of)-250(a)-250(lar)17(ge-scale)-249(h)4(yperte)15(xtual)-249(web)]TJ 13.77 -8.97 Td [(search)-250(engine.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 56.2 0 Td [(Pr)45(oc.)-249(of)-250(WWW7)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 51.2 0 Td [(,)-249(1998.)]TJ -121.17 -9.96 Td [([3])-562(H.)-250(T)73(.)-249(Dang,)-250(J.)-250(Lin,)-250(and)-250(D.)-250(K)24(elly)65(.)-249(Ov)14(ervie)25(w)-249(of)-250(the)-250(trec)-250(2007)-250(question)]TJ 13.77 -8.96 Td [(answering)-250(track.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 63.28 0 Td [(Pr)44(oc.)-249(of)-250(TREC)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 46.79 0 Td [(,)-249(2007.)]TJ -123.84 -9.96 Td [([4])-562(S.)-250(Ding,)-250(G.)-250(Cong,)-250(C.-Y)128(.)-249(Lin,)-250(and)-250(X.)-250(Zhu.)-250(Using)-250(conditional)-250(random)]TJ 13.77 -8.96 Td [(\002elds)-250(to)-250(e)14(xtract)-249(conte)14(xts)-249(and)-250(answers)-250(of)-250(questions)-250(from)-250(online)]TJ 0 -8.97 TD [(forums.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 35.19 0 Td [(A)30(CL)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 14.37 0 Td [(,)-250(2008.)]TJ -63.33 -9.96 Td [([5])-562(D.)-250(Feng,)-250(E.)-250(Sha)14(w)65(,)-249(J.)-250(Kim,)-250(and)-250(E.)-250(Ho)14(vy)65(.)-249(An)-250(intelligent)-250(discussion-bot)]TJ 13.77 -8.96 Td [(for)-250(answering)-250(student)-250(queries)-250(in)-250(threaded)-250(discussions.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 182.57 0 Td [(Pr)45(oc.)-249(of)]TJ -182.57 -8.96 Td [(Intellig)9(ent)-249(user)-250(interfaces)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 81.81 0 Td [(,)-249(2006.)]TJ -95.58 -9.96 Td [([6])-562(S.)-250(M.)-250(Harabagiu)-250(and)-250(A.)-250(Hickl.)-250(Methods)-250(for)-250(using)-250(te)14(xtual)-249(entailment)]TJ 13.77 -8.97 Td [(in)-250(open-domain)-250(question)-250(answering.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 126.59 0 Td [(Pr)45(oc.)-249(of)-250(A)29(CL)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 41.68 0 Td [(,)-249(2006.)]TJ -182.04 -9.96 Td [([7])-562(J.)-250(Huang,)-250(M.)-250(Zhou,)-250(and)-250(D.)-250(Y)99(ang.)-249(Extracting)-250(chatbot)-250(kno)24(wledge)-249(from)]TJ 13.77 -8.96 Td [(online)-250(discussion)-250(forums.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 92.29 0 Td [(Pr)44(oc.)-249(of)-250(IJCAI)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 46.33 0 Td [(,)-250(2007.)]TJ -152.39 -9.96 Td [([8])-562(J.)-250(Jeon,)-250(W)91(.)-249(B.)-250(Croft,)-250(and)-250(J.)-250(H.)-250(Lee.)-250(Finding)-250(similar)-250(questions)-250(in)-250(lar)17(ge)]TJ 13.77 -8.97 Td [(question)-250(and)-250(answer)-250(archi)24(v)15(es.)-249(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 105.89 0 Td (CIKM)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 19.92 0 Td [(,)-250(2005.)]TJ -139.58 -9.96 Td [([9])-562(V)128(.)-249(Jijk)9(oun)-249(and)-250(M.)-250(de)-250(Rijk)9(e.)-249(Retrie)24(ving)-249(answers)-250(from)-250(frequently)]TJ 13.77 -8.96 Td [(ask)9(ed)-249(questions)-250(pages)-250(on)-250(the)-250(web)39(.)-249(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 119.54 0 Td (CIKM)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 19.92 0 Td [(,)-250(2005.)]TJ -157.22 -9.96 Td [([10])-562(N.)-250(Jindal)-250(and)-250(B.)-250(Liu.)-250(Identifying)-250(comparati)24(v)15(e)-249(sentences)-250(in)-250(te)14(xt)]TJ 17.76 -8.96 Td [(documents.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 47.14 0 Td (SIGIR)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 19.91 0 Td [(,)-249(2006.)]TJ -84.81 -9.96 Td [([11])-562(J.)-250(K)34(o,)-249(E.)-250(Nyber)17(g,)-249(and)-250(L.)-250(Si.)-250(A)-250(probabilistic)-250(graphical)-250(model)-250(for)-250(joint)]TJ 17.76 -8.97 Td [(answer)-250(ranking)-250(in)-250(question)-250(answering.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 133.44 0 Td (SIGIR)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 19.91 0 Td [(,)-249(2007.)]TJ -171.11 -9.96 Td [([12])-562(O.)-250(K)14(urland)-249(and)-250(L.)-250(Lee.)-250(P)14(agerank)-249(without)-250(h)4(yperlinks:)-309(structural)]TJ 17.76 -8.96 Td [(re-ranking)-250(using)-250(links)-250(induced)-250(by)-250(language)-250(models.)-250(In)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 175.49 0 Td (SIGIR)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 19.91 0 Td [(,)-250(2005.)]TJ -213.16 -9.96 Td 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SIGIR 2008, July 20-24, 2008, Singapore
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1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 115.78 -76.62 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 193.1939 646.0493 Tm (0.909)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 146.71 -76.62 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 224.1326 646.0493 Tm (0.880)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 177.64 -76.62 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 25.01 -76.87 cm 0 0 m 152.63 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 60.4368 625.7236 Tm (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm -6.399 -94.25 Td [(able)-249(4:)-310(Results)-250(on)-250(\002rst)-250(question)-250(subset)-250(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 158.399 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 45.27 0 Td (data)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -215.47 -17.53 Td [(forum-speci\002c)-255(features.)-326(The)-255(reason)-255(for)-256(reporting)-255(the)-255(results)-256(on)-255(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(set)-258(of)-257(questions)-258(with)-258(answers)-258(is)-257(that)-258(284)-258(questions)-258(do)-257(not)-258(ha)19(v)15(e)-257(an-)]TJ T* [(swers)-216(and)-216(setting)-216(thresholds)-217(for)-216(the)-216(methods)-216(in)-216(T)79(able)-215(2)-217(f)9(ailed)-215(to)-216(de-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tect)-281(the)-282(questions)-282(without)-281(answers)-282(\(deteriorated)-281(performance\),)-290(i.e.)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(all)-258(the)-259(methods)-259(identi\002ed)-258(wrong)-259(answers)-258(for)-259(all)-259(the)-258(284)-259(questions.)]TJ T* [(Therefore,)-236(the)-233(results)-233(reported)-233(on)-232(questions)-233(with)-233(answers)-233(w)9(ould)-232(be)]TJ T* [(more)-370(informati)24(v)15(e)-370(to)-370(compare)-370(the)-371(performance)-370(of)-370(these)-371(methods.)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(W)79(e)-271(will)-271(further)-272(discuss)-272(detecting)-272(questions)-272(without)-271(answers.)-376(Note)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(that)-328(the)-328(parameters)-328(of)-328(graph-based)-328(method)-328(were)-328(determined)-328(on)-328(a)]TJ T* [(de)24(v)15(elopment)-249(set)-250(with)-250(50)-250(threads)-250(\(to)-250(be)-250(e)14(xplained)-249(later\).)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(W)80(e)-297(also)-297(observ)14(ed)-297(that)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 82.5 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.18 0 Td (outperforms)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 46.48 0 Td (G+QL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.18 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.61 0 Td (G+CS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.18 0 Td (and)Tj -226.1 -10.46 Td [(the)14(y)-407(all)-408(outperform)-408(the)-408(baseline)-408(method)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 153.77 0 Td (NA)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(.)-408(The)-408(impro)14(v)15(ements)]TJ -153.77 -10.45 Td [(are)-315(statistically)-316(signi\002cant)-316(on)-315(all)-316(three)-316(metrics)-315(\(p-v)24(alue)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 203.65 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10 0 Td (0.001\).)Tj -213.65 -10.46 Td (The)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 17.09 0 Td [(near)36(est)-350(answer)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 58.46 0 Td [(method)-351(performed)-351(better)-352(than)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 112.67 0 Td [(r)14(andom)-350(guess)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -188.22 -10.46 Td [(method)-294(and)-294(we)-293(only)-294(report)-294(the)-294(former)54(.)-440(It)-294(is)-294(interesting)-294(to)-294(observ)14(e)]TJ T* (that)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.09 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.15 0 Td [(outperforms)-293(the)-295(supervised)-294(methods)-294(adapted)-294(from)-295([23,)]TJ -40.24 -10.46 Td [(7])-246(\(statistically)-247(signi\002cant,)-247(p-v)24(alue)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 126.39 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.37 0 Td [(0.001\).)-309(The)-246(classi\002cation)-246(re-)]TJ -135.76 -10.45 Td [(sults)-334(are)-335(reported)-334(on)-334(the)-335(a)19(v)15(erage)-333(of)-335(10-fold)-334(cross-v)24(alidation)-333(on)-335(5)]TJ T* [(runs)-253(\(20-fold)-253(cross-v)24(alidation)-252(returned)-252(similar)-253(results\).)-319(The)-253(reason)]TJ T* [(for)-276(the)-275(superiority)-276(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 77.6 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 23.99 0 Td [(is)-275(that)-276(it)-275(le)24(v)15(erages)-275(the)-276(relationship)-276(be-)]TJ -101.59 -10.46 Td [(tween)-305(candidate)-304(answers)-305(while)-305(the)-304(supervised)-305(model)-305([23,)-318(7])-305(does)]TJ T* (not.)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.48 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 23.75 0 Td [(also)-250(signi\002cantly)-250(outperforms)-250(Algorithm)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 148.9 0 Td (Lex)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 16.14 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -205.27 -10.45 Td [(Impr)17(o)10(v)10(ed)-338(r)17(esults)-339(on)-340(subsets.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 116.16 0 Td [(As)-339(we)-340(ha)19(v)15(e)-338(seen,)-362(our)-340(approaches)]TJ -116.16 -10.46 Td [(w)9(ork)-251(well)-253(on)-252(questions)-253(with)-252(answers.)-318(Ho)24(we)25(v)15(er)40(,)-252(the)-252(o)14(v)15(erall)-252(perfor)19(-)]TJ T* [(mance)-317(deteriorated)-316(due)-317(to)-317(the)-317(questions)-317(without)-316(answers.)-511(Hence,)]TJ T* [(the)-282(performance)-282(should)-282(be)-281(impro)14(v)15(ed)-281(if)-282(we)-282(can)-282(successfully)-282(detect)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(the)-332(questions)-332(without)-332(answers.)-557(Unfortunately)64(,)-351(it)-332(is)-333(a)-332(tough)-332(prob-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(lem,)-293(and)-284(setting)-285(thresholds)-284(did)-285(not)-284(w)9(ork)-284(as)-284(mentioned)-284(earlier)54(.)-413(W)79(e)]TJ T* [(observ)14(ed)-296(that)-297(most)-297(of)-298(\002rst)-297(questions)-297(of)-297(each)-297(thread)-298(ha)19(v)15(e)-296(answers.)]TJ T* [(Of)-364(486)-364(\002rst)-364(questions,)-393(only)-364(21)-365(of)-364(them)-364(do)-364(not)-364(ha)19(v)15(e)-364(answers)-364(for)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf T* (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.96 0 Td [(data)-327(and)-327(45)-328(for)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 59.03 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.96 0 Td [(data.)-541(The)-327(results)-328(on)-327(the)]TJ -150.95 -10.45 Td [(subset)-347(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 36.1 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 46.14 0 Td [(are)-347(gi)24(v)15(en)-346(in)-348(T)79(able)-346(4.)-601(Due)-348(to)-347(space)-347(limita-)]TJ -82.24 -10.46 Td [(tion,)-385(we)-358(do)-358(not)-358(gi)24(v)15(e)-357(results)-358(on)-358(subset)-358(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 153.51 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(.)-634(The)-358(table)]TJ -196.54 -10.46 Td [(sho)24(ws)-300(that)-300(the)-301(performance)-300(on)-301(the)-301(subset)-300(is)-301(much)-301(better)-300(than)-301(that)]TJ T* [(on)-265(all)-265(the)-265(questions,)-268(although)-265(the)-265(subset)-265(contains)-265(only)-265(one)-265(third)-265(of)]TJ T* [(all)-337(question-answer)-336(pairs)-337(in)-337(forums.)-570(In)-336(real)-337(QA)-337(services,)-358(correct)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(answers)-250(w)9(ould)-249(be)-250(desirable)-250(for)-250(users')-250(satisf)9(action.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(In)-297(addition,)-309(the)-297(classi\002cation)-297(methods)-298([7])-297(w)9(ould)-296(tell)-298(if)-297(a)-297(candi-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(date)-298(answer)-298(is)-299(a)-298(real)-298(answer)-298(to)-298(a)-299(question,)-310(and)-298(thus)-298(we)-299(can)-298(deter)19(-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(mine)-313(i)-1(f)-313(a)-314(question)-313(has)-314(answers)-314(by)-313(checking)-314(each)-314(pair)-313(of)-314(question)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(and)-282(answer)-283(candidate.)-407(Ho)24(we)25(v)15(er)-282(the)-282(result)-283(w)9(as)-281(v)14(ery)-281(poor)54(.)-407(Instead,)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(we)-290(b)19(uilt)-289(a)-290(classi\002er)-290(by)-290(treating)-290(each)-291(question)-290(and)-290(all)-290(its)-290(candidate)]TJ T* [(answers)-306(as)-305(an)-306(instance.)-477(In)-305(addition)-306(to)-306(similarity)-305(features)-306(between)]TJ T* [(question)-283(and)-284(its)-283(candidate)-284(answers,)-292(we)-283(e)14(xtracted)-283(question-speci\002c)]TJ T* [(features,)-363(such)-341(as)-341(location)-341(of)-340(questions)-341(in)-341(a)-341(thread.)-582(The)-341(classi\002er)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(returned)-310(689)-310(questions)-310(of)-310(which)-311(49)-310(do)-310(not)-310(ha)19(v)15(e)-309(answers.)-491(W)79(e)-309(did)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(error)-362(analysis)-361(and)-362(found)-362(neither)-362(similarity)-361(features)-362(nor)-362(question-)]TJ T* [(speci\002c)-229(features)-229(are)-229(v)14(ery)-228(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(e.)-302(F)14(or)-228(e)14(xample,)-232(only)-229(17.8%)-229(of)-229(the)]TJ T* [(questions)-252(without)-252(answers)-253(do)-252(not)-252(ha)19(v)15(e)-251(common)-252(w)9(ords)-252(with)-252(candi-)]TJ T* [(date)-236(answers)-236(while)-237(15.6%)-236(of)-236(questions)-236(with)-236(answers)-237(do)-236(not,)-239(either)54(.)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(This)-250(is)-250(still)-250(an)-250(open)-250(problem)-250(to)-250(be)-250(in)39(v)15(estig)5(ated)-249(in)-250(the)-250(future.)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 0 -10.46 TD [(Graph-based)-272(pr)17(opagation)-272(methods.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 139.84 0 Td [(The)-271(objecti)24(v)15(e)-272(of)-272(this)-272(e)14(xper)20(-)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 25.02 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 14.31 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 324.9708 737.4549 Tm (Method)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 14.31 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 393.35 737.4549 Tm (All)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 334.942 17.45 Td (questions)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 14.31 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 14.31 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 482.3449 737.4549 Tm (Question)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 444.816 17.45 Td [(with)-250(answer)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 14.31 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 14.06 cm 0 0 m 206.76 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 372.114 726.992 Tm (P@1\(#\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.8765 726.992 Tm (MRR)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 448.0653 726.992 Tm (MAP)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 481.6447 726.992 Tm (P@1)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.473 726.992 Tm (MRR)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.6617 726.992 Tm (MAP)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 3.85 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 3.61 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 1.81 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.6302 714.2384 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.469 -7.1 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 6.421 1.34 Td (+CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 714.2384 Tm (0.563\(864\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 714.2384 Tm (0.651)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 714.2384 Tm (0.618)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 714.2384 Tm (0.691)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 714.2384 Tm (0.799)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 714.2384 Tm (0.758)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -8.89 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.19 703.7855 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.76 -1.34 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.033 -17.55 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 2.267 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 703.7855 Tm (0.584\(897\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 703.7855 Tm (0.657)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 703.7855 Tm (0.596)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 703.7855 Tm (0.717)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 703.7855 Tm (0.807)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 703.7855 Tm (0.732)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -19.35 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.19 693.3225 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.76 -1.34 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.033 -28.01 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 2.267 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 693.3225 Tm (0.626\(961\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 693.3225 Tm (0.688)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 693.3225 Tm (0.648)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 693.3225 Tm (0.768)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 693.3225 Tm (0.845)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 693.3225 Tm (0.795)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -29.81 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -30.06 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.9502 682.3595 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 682.3595 Tm (0.603\(925\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 682.3595 Tm (0.677)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 682.3595 Tm (0.639)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 682.3595 Tm (0.739)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 682.3595 Tm (0.830)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 682.3595 Tm (0.784)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -40.77 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.5101 671.8965 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 671.8965 Tm (0.620\(952\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 671.8965 Tm (0.687)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 671.8965 Tm (0.632)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 671.8965 Tm (0.761)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 671.8965 Tm (0.843)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 671.8965 Tm (0.775)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -51.22 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.5101 661.4436 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 363.7917 661.4436 Tm (0.665)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 20.17 0 Td (\(1,021\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 661.4436 Tm (0.719)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 661.4436 Tm (0.686)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 661.4436 Tm (0.816)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 661.4436 Tm (0.882)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 661.4436 Tm (0.842)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -61.68 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -61.93 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 323.0003 650.4805 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.76 -1.34 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.843 -70.84 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 2.267 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 650.4805 Tm (0.541\(831\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 650.4805 Tm (0.622)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 650.4805 Tm (0.598)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 650.4805 Tm (0.664)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 650.4805 Tm (0.763)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 650.4805 Tm (0.733)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -72.64 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.5701 640.0176 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.409 -81.3 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 2.261 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 640.0176 Tm (0.546\(838\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 640.0176 Tm (0.624)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 640.0176 Tm (0.600)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 640.0176 Tm (0.670)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 640.0176 Tm (0.766)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 640.0176 Tm (0.736)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -83.1 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.5701 629.5547 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.33 Td (K)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 262.409 -91.75 Td (;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 2.261 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.33 Td (+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 629.5547 Tm (0.546\(838\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 629.5547 Tm (0.625)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 629.5547 Tm (0.600)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 629.5547 Tm (0.670)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 629.5547 Tm (0.767)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 629.5547 Tm (0.736)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -93.55 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -93.8 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 324.4407 618.6016 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.75 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 11.95 1.34 Td (+CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 618.6016 Tm (0.616\(946\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 618.6016 Tm (0.683)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 618.6016 Tm (0.656)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 618.6016 Tm (0.756)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 618.6016 Tm (0.839)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 618.6016 Tm (0.805)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -104.51 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 324.0005 608.1387 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.76 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 608.1387 Tm (0.623\(956\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 608.1387 Tm (0.688)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 608.1387 Tm (0.660)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 608.1387 Tm (0.764)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 608.1387 Tm (0.844)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 608.1387 Tm (0.810)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -114.97 cm 0 0 m 0 10.46 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 7.97 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 324.0005 597.6758 Tm (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.76 -1.34 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 4.15 1.34 Td (+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 288.94 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4024 597.6758 Tm (0.625\(959\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 339.28 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.7565 597.6758 Tm (0.689)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 370.21 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.6952 597.6758 Tm (0.661)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 401.13 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 402.93 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 480.4243 597.6758 Tm (0.767)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 433.85 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 511.353 597.6758 Tm (0.846)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 464.78 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 542.2916 597.6758 Tm (0.812)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 495.7 -125.42 cm 0 0 m 0 10.45 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -125.67 cm 0 0 m 250.96 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_1 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 317.2086 576.9099 Tm (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 250.301 -143.05 Td [(able)-249(5:)-310(The)-250(e)14(v)10(aluation)-249(of)-250(graph-based)-250(method)-250(on)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 190.059 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -195.62 -20.18 Td [(iment)-238(is)-238(to)-237(e)24(v)25(aluate)-237(the)-238(dif)24(ferent)-237(options)-237(in)-238(graph-base)-238(propag)4(ation)]TJ T* [(methods.)-310(The)-250(options)-250(include:)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 13.33 -11.03 Td (\262)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.08 0 Td [(T)79(w)10(o)-236(propag)4(ation)-236(methods.)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 98.02 0 Td [(Pr)45(opa)10(gation)-236(without)-238(initial)-237(scor)36(e)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -98.02 -10.46 Td [(\(by)-297(def)9(ault)-295(and)-297(denoted)-297(as)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 98.84 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td [(\))-296(and)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 21.25 0 Td [(Pr)45(opa)10(gation)-296(with)-296(initial)]TJ -129.62 -10.46 Td [(scor)36(e)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.33 0 Td [(\(denoted)-249(as)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 43.31 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td (\);)Tj /T1_7 8.96 Tf -83.25 -10.3 Td (\262)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.08 0 Td [(Dif)24(ferent)-249(ranking)-250(methods)-250(including)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 133.22 0 Td (CS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.76 0 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.48 0 Td (QL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.19 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_7 8.96 Tf -185.73 -10.3 Td (\262)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.08 0 Td [(Dif)24(ferent)-342(methods)-343(of)-343(computing)-342(weight.)-589(W)79(e)-342(w)9(ould)-342(lik)9(e)-342(to)]TJ T* [(kno)24(w)-294(the)-295(usefulness)-295(of)-295(distance)-295(and)-296(authority)-295(in)-295(computing)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(weight.)-347(Hence,)-265(we)-263(compare)-262(using)-262(KL-di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-261(alone,)-266(de-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(noted)-267(as)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 32.18 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (K)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.04 1 Td [(,)-271(and)-267(using)-267(all)-268(the)-267(three)-267(f)9(actors)-267(as)-267(in)-267(Equation)-267(5)]TJ -44.6 -10.46 Td [(\(by)-250(def)9(ault)-249(and)-250(denoted)-250(as)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 96.75 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (A)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.02 1 Td (\).)Tj -121.59 -11.04 Td [(Note)-425(that)-427(in)-426(graph-based)-426(method,)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 130.28 0 Td [(pr)45(opa)10(gation)-425(without)-426(initial)]TJ -139.25 -10.45 Td [(scor)36(e)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 22.24 0 Td [(method)-351(and)-352(all)-351(the)-352(three)-351(f)9(actors)-351(in)-351(Equation)-352(5)-352(are)-351(used)-352(by)]TJ -22.24 -10.46 Td [(def)9(ault.)-621(F)14(or)-353(e)14(xample,)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 83.99 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.69 0 Td (represents)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 39.51 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (A;)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 7.79 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td (+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 16.14 0 Td [(.)-353(By)-354(combining)]TJ -181.65 -10.46 Td [(the)-222(dif)24(ferent)-220(options,)-227(we)-222(got)-221(se)24(v)14(eral)-220(methods)-222(sho)24(wn)-220(in)-222(T)79(able)-220(5.)-301(F)14(or)]TJ T* [(e)14(xample)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 32.37 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.38 -0.99 Td [(K)-4(;)]TJ /T1_6 5.98 Tf 8.42 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 18.27 0 Td [(represents)-237(to)-238(use)-238(the)-238(propag)4(ation)-237(method,)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 150.94 0 Td [(pr)45(op-)]TJ -219.53 -10.46 Td [(a)9(gation)-268(with)-270(initial)-269(scor)36(e)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 92.92 0 Td [(and)-269(use)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 29.72 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.18 0 Td [(to)-269(compute)-269(weight.)-368(The)-270(per)19(-)]TJ -135.82 -10.45 Td [(formance)-315(of)-314(using)-315(Equation)-314(5,)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 114.08 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (A)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.02 1 Td [(,)-330(al)9(w)10(ays)-313(outperforms)-315(using)-314(KL)]TJ -125.48 -10.46 Td [(di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-291(alone)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 63.47 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.37 -1 Td (K)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.04 1 Td [(.)-437(This)-292(demonstrates)-293(the)-292(usefulness)-292(of)-293(forum-)]TJ -75.88 -10.46 Td [(speci\002c)-337(features)-338(used)-337(in)-338(Equation)-337(5.)-573(The)-337(ranking)-338(method)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 215.8 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.78 0 Td (al-)Tj -229.58 -10.46 Td [(w)9(ays)-278(performs)-278(better)-279(than)-279(other)-279(tw)9(o)-277(methods)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 166.18 0 Td (CS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.26 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.44 0 Td (QL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.76 0 Td [(.)-278(W)79(e)-278(also)]TJ -205.64 -10.45 Td [(found)-302(that)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.78 0 Td [(pr)44(opa)10(gation)-301(without)-302(initial)-302(scor)36(e)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 122.08 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.86 1 Td [(often)-301(outperforms)]TJ -174.1 -10.46 Td [(the)-250(other)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 33.86 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.38 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td [(,)-249(b)19(ut)-249(not)-250(al)9(w)10(ays.)]TJ -34.42 -10.46 Td [(There)-297(are)-297(three)-297(parameters)-297(in)-298(the)-297(graph-based)-297(model.)-452(The)14(y)-296(are)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(determined)-254(on)-255(a)-254(de)24(v)15(elopment)-254(set)-254(of)-254(157)-255(questions)-254(from)-254(50)-255(threads)]TJ T* [(by)-228(considering)-229(P@1)-228(in)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 83.68 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.51 0 Td [(.)-228(W)79(e)-227(found)-229(that)-228(our)-228(method)-229(is)-228(reason-)]TJ -105.19 -10.45 Td [(ably)-228(rob)19(ust)-227(to)-228(these)-228(parameters.)-303(F)14(or)-227(the)-228(threshold)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 178.29 0 Td (\265)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.61 0 Td [(in)-227(De\002nition)-229(1,)]TJ -184.9 -10.46 Td [(when)-271(we)-272(v)24(aried)-270(it)-272(from)-271(0.1)-272(to)-271(0.35)-272(on)-271(de)24(v)15(elopment)-271(set,)-276(the)-272(results)]TJ T* [(remained)-240(the)-240(same)-241(and)-240(dropped)-240(a)-240(little)-241(if)-240(we)-240(used)-240(v)24(alue)-240(lar)17(ger)-239(than)]TJ T* [(0.35.)-309(W)79(e)-246(set)-248(it)-247(at)-248(0.2)-247(in)-247(our)-248(e)14(xperiment.)-308(F)14(or)-246(the)-248(tw)9(o)-246(parameters)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 229.52 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -234.89 -9.47 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 15.66 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.86 0.99 Td [(in)-302(Equation)-302(5,)-316(we)-302(set)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 80.15 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td [(=)-302(0.8)-302(and)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 37.34 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.86 0.99 Td [(=)-302(0.05)-302(based)-303(on)-302(the)]TJ -167.13 -10.45 Td [(results)-279(on)-279(the)-279(de)24(v)15(elopment)-278(set.)-396(Performance)-279(did)-279(not)-279(change)-279(much)]TJ T* [(when)-235(we)-235(v)24(aried)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 58.37 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.26 1 Td [(from)-234(0.5)-235(to)-235(1)-235(and)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 63.56 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.37 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.26 1 Td [(from)-234(0.05)-235(to)-235(0.1.)-305(W)79(e)-234(set)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 88.48 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -233.67 -10.46 Td [(=)-259(0.2)-260(in)-259(Equation)-259(10;)-265(the)-259(performance)-259(nearly)-260(did)-259(not)-259(change)-260(when)]TJ T* [(we)-250(v)24(aried)-249(it)-250(from)-250(0.1)-250(to)-250(0.3.)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 0 -10.45 TD [(The)-304(integration)-304(of)-304(classi\002cation)-304(based)-304(r)17(e-ranking)-303(method)-304(and)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(graph-based)-255(method.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 84.14 0 Td [(The)-254(e)14(xperiment)-254(is)-255(to)-255(study)-255(the)-255(tw)9(o)-254(w)9(ays)-254(of)]TJ -84.14 -10.46 Td [(inte)14(gration)-234(in)-235(Section)-235(4.3.)-305(T)79(able)-234(6)-235(gi)24(v)15(es)-234(the)-235(results)-235(on)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 193.77 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td (.)Tj -236.8 -10.46 Td [(By)-193(comparing)-194(the)-193(results)-194(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 99.3 0 Td (G\(Cla\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 34 0 Td [(with)-193(those)-193(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 47.53 0 Td (Cla)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 17.87 0 Td [(in)-193(T)79(ables)-192(3,)]TJ -198.7 -10.46 Td [(we)-261(found)-262(that)-261(graph-based)-261(method)-262(greatly)-261(impro)14(v)15(es)-261(the)-261(classi\002ca-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tion)-381(method)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 47.67 0 Td (Cla)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 19.54 0 Td [(by)-381(using)-380(the)-381(result)-381(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 83.79 0 Td (Cla)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 19.55 0 Td [(as)-380(the)-381(initial)-380(score)]TJ -170.55 -10.46 Td [(of)-312(graph-based)-311(method.)-496(By)-311(comparing)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 144.82 0 Td (Cla\(G\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 35.07 0 Td (with)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 18.73 0 Td (Cla)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 18.93 0 Td [(in)-311(T)79(a-)]TJ -217.55 -10.46 Td [(bles)-235(3,)-238(we)-235(also)-235(found)-234(that)-235(using)-235(the)-235(results)-235(of)-235(graph-based)-235(methods)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(as)-336(features)-337(can)-336(greatly)-337(impro)14(v)15(e)-335(method)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 147.77 0 Td (Cla)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 16.14 0 Td [(.)-569(The)-336(reason)-337(for)-336(the)]TJ -163.91 -10.46 Td 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0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 35.17 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 132.607 664.9746 Tm (Our)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 99.96 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 101.75 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 186.0019 664.9746 Tm (97.8)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 141.87 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 225.1329 664.9746 Tm (97.0)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 180 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 260.8729 664.9746 Tm (97.4)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 213.33 -57.7 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 -12.93 -57.95 cm 0 0 m 226.26 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 89.4049 644.6489 Tm (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 22.552 -75.33 Td [(able)-249(1:)-310(P)19(erf)25(ormance)-249(of)-250(Question)-250(Detection)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -40.752 -32.51 Td [(of)-214(the)-215(tw)9(o)-214(annotated)-214(data,)-222(denoted)-214(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 133.18 0 Td (Q-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(,)-221(and)-214(the)-215(intersec-)]TJ -176.21 -10.46 Td [(tion,)-205(denoted)-195(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 57.37 0 Td (Q-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(.)-291(In)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 14.06 0 Td (Q-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 44.77 0 Td [(a)-194(sentence)-195(w)9(as)-193(labeled)]TJ -159.23 -10.46 Td [(as)-266(a)-266(question)-267(if)-266(it)-266(w)9(as)-265(mark)9(ed)-265(as)-267(a)-266(question)-266(by)-266(either)-267(annotator;)-274(In)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 0 -10.45 TD (Q-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.11 0 Td [(a)-233(sentence)-232(w)9(as)-232(labeled)-232(as)-233(a)-233(question)-232(if)-233(both)-232(annotators)]TJ -45.11 -10.46 Td [(mark)9(ed)-249(it)-250(as)-250(a)-250(question.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(From)-278(the)-279(source)-279(data,)-287(we)-279(generated)-279(\002)24(v)15(e)-278(datasets)-279(for)-279(answer)-279(de-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(tection.)-572(First,)-359(tw)9(o)-337(datasets)-337(are)-337(generated)-338(from)-337(the)-337(650)-338(annotated)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(threads)-323(by)-324(taking)-324(the)-323(union)-324(and)-323(intersection)-324(of)-324(the)-323(tw)9(o)-323(annotated)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(data,)-241(denoted)-239(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 59.46 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.17 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 15.08 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(,)-241(respecti)24(v)15(ely)65(.)-305(An)-239(an-)]TJ -162.74 -10.46 Td [(swer)-225(candidate)-225(w)9(as)-224(labeled)-225(as)-225(an)-225(answer)-226(if)-225(either)-225(annotator)-225(mark)9(ed)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(it)-338(as)-338(an)-338(answer)-339(for)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 71.91 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(,)-359(and)-338(if)-339(both)-338(annotators)-338(mark)9(ed)-337(it)]TJ -114.94 -10.46 Td (for)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 13.14 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.02 0 Td [(.)-457(Here)-299(we)-299(used)-299(questions)-299(in)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 104.88 0 Td (Q-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(.)-457(Second,)]TJ -204.07 -10.45 Td [(we)-221(randomly)-220(sampled)-221(100)-221(threads)-220(from)-221(T)34(ripAdvisor)40(,)-226(LonelyPlanet)]TJ T* [(and)-350(BootsnAll,)-374(respecti)24(v)15(ely)65(.)-608(Thus)-350(we)-350(get)-349(another)-350(three)-350(datasets,)]TJ T* [(denoted)-250(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 40.33 0 Td (A-Trip2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 37.65 0 Td (,)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 4.48 0 Td (A-Lonely)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.27 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 15.18 0 Td (A-Boots)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 37.65 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_2 11.95 Tf -180.56 -20.4 Td [(5.1)-1000(Ev)9(aluation)-249(on)-250(question)-250(detection)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.94 Td [(The)-217(e)14(xperiment)-217(is)-218(to)-218(e)24(v)25(aluate)-217(the)-218(performance)-217(of)-218(question)-218(detec-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(tion)-209(method)-210(ag)4(ainst)-208(simple)-210(rules)-210(and)-209(the)-210(method)-209(in)-210([18],)-217(denoted)-210(as)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf T* (SM)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.76 0 Td [(.)-223(T)79(able)-223(1)-224(gi)24(v)15(es)-223(the)-224(results)-224(of)-223(Precision,)-230(Recall)-223(and)-224(F)]TJ /T1_1 5.98 Tf 183.35 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td [(-score.)-301(The)]TJ -198.26 -10.46 Td [(e)14(xperimental)-293(results)-295(are)-294(obtained)-295(through)-294(10-fold)-295(cross-v)24(alidation)]TJ T* (for)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 13.21 0 Td (SM)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.51 0 Td [(and)-307(our)-307(method.)-483(The)-307(results)-307(are)-308(reported)-307(on)-308(randomly)-307(se-)]TJ -26.72 -10.45 Td [(lected)-262(subsets)-261(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 61.81 0 Td (Q-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 45.37 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 15.29 0 Td (Q-TInter)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(,)-264(containing)-262(235)-262(and)]TJ -165.5 -10.46 Td [(215)-306(questions,)-320(respecti)24(v)15(ely)65(.)-478(The)-306(other)-306(questions)-306(are)-306(used)-307(to)-306(mine)]TJ T* [(LSPs.)-453(The)-298(rule)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 58.45 0 Td [(5W-1H)-600(words)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 61.83 0 Td [(is)-297(that)-298(a)-298(sentence)-297(is)-298(a)-298(question)-297(if)]TJ -120.28 -10.46 Td [(it)-330(be)14(gins)-330(with)-330(5W)64(-1H)-329(w)9(ords;)-370(The)-331(rule)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 143.77 0 Td [(Question)-600(Mark)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 72.88 0 Td [(is)-330(that)]TJ -216.65 -10.45 Td [(a)-344(sentence)-344(is)-343(a)-344(question)-344(if)-344(it)-344(ends)-344(with)-343(question)-344(mark.)-592(Although)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf T* [(Question)-600(Mark)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 72.55 0 Td [(achie)25(v)15(es)-292(good)-293(precision,)-304(its)-293(recall)-293(is)-292(lo)24(w)65(.)-438(Our)]TJ -72.55 -10.46 Td [(method)-321(outperforms)-321(the)-321(simple)-320(rule)-321(approaches)-321(and)-321(also)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 210.22 0 Td (SM)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.76 0 Td [(,)-320(and)]TJ -220.98 -10.46 Td [(the)-410(impro)14(v)15(ements)-409(are)-410(statistically)-410(signi\002cant)-410(\(p-v)24(alue)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 202.81 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.84 0 Td (0.001\).)Tj -213.65 -10.46 Td [(The)-262(main)-262(reason)-262(for)-262(the)-262(impro)14(v)15(ement)-261(could)-263(be)-262(that)-262(the)-262(disco)14(v)15(ered)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(labeled)-247(sequential)-248(patterns)-247(are)-248(able)-247(to)-248(characterize)-247(questions,)-248(since)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(both)-332(of)-331(them)-332(emplo)9(y)-331(Ripper)-331(to)-332(b)19(uild)-331(classi\002ers.)-555(F)14(or)-331(e)14(xample,)-351(in)]TJ T* [(one)-253(e)14(xperiment)-251(on)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 68.9 0 Td (Q-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.03 0 Td [(,)-252(we)-253(mined)-253(2,316)-253(patterns)-252(for)-253(ques-)]TJ -111.93 -10.46 Td [(tions,)-209(which)-200(consist)-199(of)-200(the)-199(combination)-199(of)-200(question)-199(mark,)-210(k)9(e)15(yw)10(ords)]TJ T* [(\(e.g.)-296(5W1H)-209(w)9(ords\))-208(and)-209(POS)-209(tags)-209(\(e.g.)-297(1,074)-209(patterns)-209(contain)-209(ques-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tion)-250(mark\);)-250(we)-250(also)-250(mined)-250(2,789)-250(patterns)-250(for)-250(non-questions.)]TJ /T1_2 11.95 Tf 0 -20.4 TD [(5.2)-1000(Ev)9(aluation)-249(on)-250(answer)-250(identi\002cation)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.95 Td [(In)-307(this)-307(subsection,)-322(we)-307(e)24(v)25(aluate)-307(the)-307(performance)-308(of)-307(graph-based)]TJ -8.97 -10.45 Td [(answer)-308(detection)-307(method)-308(and)-308(compare)-308(it)-308(with)-308(other)-307(methods.)-484(W)79(e)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(also)-266(study)-267(the)-266(performance)-267(of)-266(inte)14(grating)-266(graph-based)-266(method)-267(and)]TJ T* [(classi\002cation)-205(method,)-215(and)-205(the)-206(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(eness)-204(of)-205(question-answer)-206(le)14(x-)]TJ T* [(ical)-250(mapping.)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 8.97 -10.46 Td (Metrics.)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 41.26 0 Td [(W)79(e)-504(e)24(v)25(aluated)-505(the)-506(performance)-506(of)-505(our)-506(approaches)]TJ -50.23 -10.45 Td [(for)-723(answer)-723(\002nding)-722(using)-723(three)-723(metrics)-723(-)-723(Mean)-723(Reciprocal)]TJ T* [(Rank)-467(\(MRR\))-467([20],)-521(Mean)-467(A)73(v)15(erage)-465(Precision)-467(\(MAP\))-467(and)-467(Preci-)]TJ T* [(sion@1\(P@1\).)-703(MRR)-381(is)-382(the)-381(mean)-381(of)-381(the)-381(reciprocal)-381(ranks)-382(of)-381(the)]TJ T* [(\002rst)-255(correct)-256(answers)-255(o)14(v)15(er)-255(a)-255(set)-256(of)-255(questions.)-326(This)-256(measure)-255(gi)24(v)15(es)-255(us)]TJ T* [(an)-249(idea)-250(of)-249(ho)24(w)-248(f)9(ar)-249(do)24(wn)-248(we)-250(must)-249(look)-249(in)-250(the)-249(rank)9(ed)-249(list)-249(in)-249(order)-250(to)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(\002nd)-211(a)-212(correct)-212(answer)54(.)-296(MAP)-212(is)-211(the)-212(mean)-211(of)-212(the)-212(a)19(v)15(erage)-210(of)-212(precisions)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(computed)-267(after)-268(truncating)-267(the)-268(list)-267(after)-268(each)-267(of)-268(the)-267(correct)-268(answers)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 25.02 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 15.81 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 401.9924 738.5052 Tm (Method)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 15.81 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 15.81 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 522.236 738.5052 Tm (Abbre)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 472.286 18.5 Td [(v)65(.)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 15.81 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 15.56 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 13.76 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 4.55 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 358.6702 727.242 Tm (Nearest)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 316.185 7.24 Td [(Answer/Random)-250(Guess)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 4.55 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 4.55 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 530.0882 727.242 Tm (N)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 464.116 7.24 Td (A)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 4.55 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 4.3 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -4.91 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 390.9793 717.7794 Tm (Le)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 328.217 -2.22 Td [(xRank)-249([15])]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -4.91 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -4.91 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 529.4981 717.7794 Tm (Le)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 466.697 -2.22 Td (x)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -4.91 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -13.87 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 354.179 708.8169 Tm (Classi\002cation)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 333.118 -11.18 Td [([7,)-250(23])-250(\(Section)-250(4.1\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -13.87 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -13.87 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 530.1783 708.8169 Tm (Cla)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -13.87 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -14.12 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -23.34 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.7525 699.3442 Tm (Cosine)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 321.792 -20.65 Td [(similarity)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.1\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -23.34 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -23.34 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 530.9185 699.3442 Tm (CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -23.34 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -32.3 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 335.9239 690.3817 Tm (Query)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 288.481 -29.61 Td [(Lik)9(elihood)-249(language)-250(model)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.1\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -32.3 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -32.3 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 530.4283 690.3817 Tm (QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -32.3 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -41.26 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 341.3754 681.4192 Tm (KL)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 283.484 -38.57 Td [(di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-249(language)-250(model)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.1\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -41.26 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -41.26 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 530.4283 681.4192 Tm (KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -41.26 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -41.51 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -50.73 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 353.0187 671.9465 Tm (Graph+Cosine)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 335.515 -48.04 Td [(similarity)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.2\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -50.73 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -50.73 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 525.1568 671.9465 Tm (G+CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -50.73 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -59.69 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.19 662.984 Tm (Graph+Query)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 302.196 -57 Td [(Lik)9(elihood)-249(language)-250(model)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.2\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -59.69 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -59.69 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 524.6567 662.984 Tm (G+QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -59.69 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -68.65 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 327.6416 654.0215 Tm (Graph+KL)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 297.198 -65.96 Td [(di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-249(language)-250(model)-250(\(Sec.)-250(4.2\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -68.65 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -68.65 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 524.6567 654.0215 Tm (G+KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -68.65 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -68.9 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -78.12 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 358.9103 644.5489 Tm (Graph\(Classi\002cation\))Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 366.216 -75.43 Td [(\(Sec.)-250(4.3\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -78.12 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -78.12 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 523.9565 644.5489 Tm (G\(Cla\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -78.12 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -87.08 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 358.9103 635.5864 Tm (Classi\002cation\(Graph\))Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 366.216 -84.39 Td [(\(Sec.)-250(4.3\))]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 442.94 -87.08 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 444.74 -87.08 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 523.9565 635.5864 Tm (Cla\(G\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 483.81 -87.08 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -87.33 cm 0 0 m 239.07 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_2 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 349.0275 615.2607 Tm (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 282.102 -104.71 Td [(able)-249(2:)-310(The)-250(methods)-250(and)-250(their)-250(ab)9(br)18(e)15(viations)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -110.62 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -119.83 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 322.19 602.8272 Tm (Method)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -119.83 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -119.83 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 391.0793 602.8272 Tm (All)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 332.672 -117.14 Td (questions)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -119.83 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 479.7741 602.8272 Tm (Question)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 442.255 -117.14 Td [(with)-250(answer)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -119.83 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -120.08 cm 0 0 m 207.95 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 369.8434 593.8647 Tm (P@1\(#\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 416.1063 593.8647 Tm (MRR)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 447.2851 593.8647 Tm (MAP)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 479.0739 593.8647 Tm (P@1)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.9023 593.8647 Tm (MRR)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 540.091 593.8647 Tm (MAP)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -128.79 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -129.04 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -130.83 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 329.8222 582.6015 Tm (N)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 263.914 -137.36 Td (A)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 582.6015 Tm (0.525\(806\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 582.6015 Tm (0.585)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 582.6015 Tm (0.504)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 582.6015 Tm (0.644)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 582.6015 Tm (0.718)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 582.6015 Tm (0.618)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -140.05 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -140.3 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 329.232 573.1389 Tm (Le)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 266.487 -146.82 Td (x)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 573.1389 Tm (0.529\(812\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 573.1389 Tm (0.616)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 573.1389 Tm (0.588)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 573.1389 Tm (0.649)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 573.1389 Tm (0.756)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 573.1389 Tm (0.721)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -149.51 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 329.9122 564.1764 Tm (Cla)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 564.1764 Tm (0.588\(903\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 564.1764 Tm (0.667)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 564.1764 Tm (0.631)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 564.1764 Tm (0.722)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 564.1764 Tm (0.818)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 564.1764 Tm (0.774)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -158.47 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -158.72 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 330.6524 554.7037 Tm (CS)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 554.7037 Tm (0.559\(858\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 554.7037 Tm (0.643)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 554.7037 Tm (0.601)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 554.7037 Tm (0.686)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 554.7037 Tm (0.789)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 554.7037 Tm (0.737)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -167.93 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 330.1623 545.7412 Tm (QL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 545.7412 Tm (0.568\(872\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 545.7412 Tm (0.644)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 545.7412 Tm (0.586)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 545.7412 Tm (0.697)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 545.7412 Tm (0.791)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 545.7412 Tm (0.719)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -176.9 cm 0 0 m 0 8.97 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 330.1623 536.7787 Tm (KL)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 283.39 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 285.18 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 364.1318 536.7787 Tm (0.578\(887\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 338.51 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 415.9863 536.7787 Tm (0.659)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 369.43 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 446.9149 536.7787 Tm (0.621)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 400.36 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 477.8536 536.7787 Tm (0.709)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 431.28 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 508.7823 536.7787 Tm (0.809)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 462.21 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 539.7209 536.7787 Tm (0.762)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 493.13 -185.86 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -186.11 cm 0 0 m 248.39 0 l S Q Q q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.5 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -195.32 cm 0 0 m 0 8.96 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 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1.0003 72 720 Tm 300.612 -230.88 Td [(able)-249(3:)-310(Results)-250(on)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 70.258 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 45.27 0 Td (data)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -171.4 -21.63 Td [(in)-266(turn)-266(o)14(v)15(er)-265(a)-266(set)-266(of)-266(questions.)-358(MRR)-266(considers)-266(the)-266(\002rst)-266(correct)-266(an-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(swer)-232(while)-232(MAP)-231(considers)-232(all)-232(correct)-232(answers.)-304(P@1)-231(is)-232(the)-232(fraction)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(of)-381(the)-381(top-1)-381(candidate)-381(answers)-381(retrie)24(v)15(ed)-380(that)-381(are)-381(correct.)-703(In)-381(the)]TJ T* [(conte)14(xt)-351(of)-352(e)14(xtracting)-351(question-answer)-352(pairs,)-378(we)-352(are)-352(usually)-352(more)]TJ T* [(interested)-286(in)-286(the)-287(top-1)-286(returned)-286(answer)-286(and)-286(thus)-287(the)-286(P@1)-286(measure)]TJ T* [(w)9(ould)-274(be)-274(ideal.)-385(Ho)24(we)25(v)15(er)40(,)-279(some)-275(types)-275(of)-275(questions,)-280(such)-275(as)-275(asking)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(for)-284(advice,)-292(often)-284(ha)19(v)15(e)-283(more)-283(than)-284(1)-284(correct)-284(answer)-283(and)-284(it)-284(w)9(ould)-283(be)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(useful)-320(to)-321(\002nd)-320(alternati)24(v)15(e)-319(answers.)-521(Hence,)-338(we)-320(report)-321(results)-320(using)]TJ T* [(all)-250(the)-250(three)-250(metrics.)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 8.97 -10.46 Td (Methods.)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 40.46 0 Td [(T)79(able)-326(2)-328(lists)-327(the)-328(methods)-327(e)24(v)25(aluated)-327(and)-327(their)-328(abbre-)]TJ -49.43 -10.45 Td [(viations.)-783(The)-408(better)-408(of)]TJ /T1_5 8.96 Tf 90.43 0 Td [(the)-408(Near)36(est)-406(Answer)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 76.57 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 16.6 0 Td [(Random)-408(Guess)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -183.6 -10.46 Td [(w)9(as)-273(reported)-274(as)-274(a)-274(baseline.)-381(The)-274(Le)14(xRank)-273(algorithm)-274([15])-274(w)9(as)-273(used)]TJ T* [(for)-321(answer)-321(\002nding.)-523(Although)-321(Le)14(xRank)-320(assumed)-321(sentences)-321(as)-321(an-)]TJ T* [(swer)-309(se)14(gments)-308(in)-308([15],)-324(it)-309(is)-309(equally)-308(applicable)-309(to)-309(paragraphs)-309(used)]TJ T* [(in)-221(our)-221(e)14(xperiments.)-300(The)-221(classi\002cation)-221(methods)-221(used)-222(in)-221([7,)-227(23])-221(were)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(adapted)-226(for)-226(re-ranking)-227(candidate)-226(answers)-226(\(Section)-226(4.1\))-226(and)-227(the)-226(bet-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(ter)-211(one)-212(w)9(as)-210(reported.)-297(Graph+Cosine)-211(similarity\()]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 168.31 0 Td (G+CS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.52 0 Td [(\))-210(\(resp.)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 27.7 0 Td (G+QL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -217.53 -10.46 Td (and)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 16.36 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.52 0 Td [(\))-380(represents)-381(the)-382(graph-based)-381(model)-381(using)-381(cosine)-381(simi-)]TJ -37.88 -10.46 Td [(larity)-367(\(resp.)-662(Query)-368(Lik)9(elihood)-366(and)-368(KL)-367(di)24(v)15(er)18(gence\))-366(as)-368(the)-367(initial)]TJ T* 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/T1_0 5.98 Tf 158.23 3.81 Td (9)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 3.49 -3.81 Td [(.)-816(Each)-419(question)-419(has)]TJ -161.72 -10.46 Td [(10.5)-303(candidate)-302(answers)-303(on)-303(a)19(v)15(erage.)-467(As)-302(sho)24(wn)-302(in)-303(T)79(able)-604(3,)-316(graph-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(based)-400(methods)-399(signi\002cantly)-400(outperform)-400(their)-399(respecti)24(v)15(e)-399(counter)19(-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(parts)-309(in)-309(terms)-309(of)-310(all)-309(the)-309(three)-309(measures)-309(as)-309(e)14(xpected.)-487(F)14(or)-308(e)14(xample)]TJ T* (on)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 12.2 0 Td (A-TUnion)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 46.26 0 Td (data)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 18.17 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 24.74 0 Td [(performs)-360(15.1%)-361(\(resp.)-641(15.7%\))-361(better)]TJ -101.37 -10.46 Td (than)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 18.46 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.78 0 Td [(on)-337(all)-338(questions)-337(\(resp.)-572(questions)-337(with)-338(answers\))-337(in)-337(terms)]TJ -32.24 -10.46 Td [(of)-335(P@1)-335(and)-335(the)-334(impro)14(v)15(ements)-334(are)-335(statistical)-335(signi\002cant)-335(\()]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 209.27 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.63 0 Td (-)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf [(v)-36(al)-16(ue)]TJ -213.9 -10.45 Td (<)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.65 0 Td [(0.001\).)-725(The)-389(main)-388(reason)-389(for)-389(the)-388(impro)14(v)15(ements)-388(is)-388(that)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 206.88 0 Td (G+KL)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -217.53 -10.46 Td [(tak)9(es)-263(adv)24(antage)-263(of)-264(the)-263(relationship)-264(of)-264(candidate)-264(answers)-264(and)-264(some)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.4 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -625.52 cm 0 0 m 119.52 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 317.8088 87.4629 Tm (9)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 3.49 -3.81 Td (W)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 256.116 -636.17 Td [(e)-355(observ)14(ed)-354(qualitati)24(v)15(ely)-355(similar)-355(results)-356(on)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 139.604 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 38.24 0 Td [(.)-626(Due)-356(to)-355(space)]TJ -189.22 -8.96 Td [(limitation,)-250(we)-250(will)-250(not)-250(report)-250(the)-250(e)14(xperimental)-249(results)-250(on)]TJ /T1_3 7.97 Tf 181.81 0 Td (A-TInter)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 38.24 0 Td (.)Tj ET q 1 0 0 1 232.8414917 764 cm /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q endstream endobj 161 0 obj <> endobj 159 0 obj <>>>/Matrix[1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0]/Resources 158 0 R/BBox[0.0 -8.0 146.317 0.0]/LastModified(D:20080520182621+08'00')>>stream 0 g 0 G 0 i 0 J []0 d 0 j 1 w 10 M 0 Tc 0 Tw 100 Tz 0 TL 0 Tr 0 Ts BT /Arial 8 Tf 0 g 0 -6.316 Td (SIGIR ) Tj 24.004 0 Td (2008, ) Tj 22.242 0 Td (July ) Tj 16.449 0 Td (20-24, ) Tj 24.907 0 Td (2008, ) Tj 22.242 0 Td (Singapore) Tj ET endstream endobj 158 0 obj <> endobj 160 0 obj <> endobj 162 0 obj <>stream /
SIGIR 2008, July 20-24, 2008, Singapore
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Td [(ranking)-250(score)-250(for)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 63.48 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (.)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf -20.44 -16.92 Td [(P)-143(r)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.58 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf [(\))-285(:=)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 35.32 0 Td [(author)-28(ity)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.03 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 8.74 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 5.63 0 Td (\243)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 9.21 0 Td [(scor)-28(e)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 21.44 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf (;)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 13.27 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 36.17 0 Td (\(7\))Tj -219.62 -12.87 Td (where)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 23.64 0 Td [(scor)-28(e)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 21.43 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 5.59 0 Td (;)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.1 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.32 0 Td [(is)-194(the)-194(initial)-195(ranking)-194(score,)-206(and)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 109.89 0 Td [(author)-28(ity)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.03 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 8.74 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -235.46 -10.46 Td [(implies)-250(the)-250(signi\002cance)-250(of)-250(answer)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 124.23 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.4 0 Td [(in)-249(the)-250(answer)-250(graph.)]TJ -122.66 -10.46 Td [(W)80(e)-283(ne)14(xt)-284(describe)-284(ho)24(w)-283(to)-285(compute)-284(the)-284(authority)-284(score)-285(for)-284(a)-284(can-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(didate)-343(answer)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 53.45 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td [(.)-589(Inspired)-343(by)-344(the)-343(w)9(ork)-342(in)-343([12])-344(that)-343(computes)-343(the)]TJ -58.61 -10.45 Td [(authority)-354(of)-354(documents)-355(in)-354(information)-354(retrie)24(v)25(al,)-379(we)-355(can)-354(compute)]TJ T* [(authority)-339(for)-339(a)-339(candidate)-340(answer)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 121.74 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 8.2 0 Td [(by)-338(the)-339(weighted)-340(in-de)14(gree)-338(for)]TJ -129.94 -10.46 Td [(each)-315(candidate)-316(answer)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 84.65 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 8.83 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 9.82 0 Td (C)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 6.58 -1 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.36 1 Td [(in)-315(the)-316(gi)24(v)15(en)-314(graph,)-332(i.e.)-507(the)-316(initial)]TJ -117.24 -10.46 Td [(authority)-250(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 44.32 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (,)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf -8.01 -19.02 Td [(author)-28(ity)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.02 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 0.99 Td [(\))-285(=)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 20.53 8.52 Td (X)Tj /T1_8 5.98 Tf -4.67 -19.03 Td (a)Tj /T1_9 4.98 Tf 4.04 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_10 5.98 Tf 3.99 0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (C)Tj /T1_9 4.98 Tf 10.27 -0.99 Td (a)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 5.89 11.5 Td (nw)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 12.4 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 8.74 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 6.71 0.99 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 11.78 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf (:)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 41.49 0 Td (\(8\))Tj -219.62 -21.99 Td [(As)-307(observ)14(ed)-306(in)-308([12],)-322(if)-307(the)-308(authority)-307(of)-308(of)24(fspring)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 180.17 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 6.91 1 Td (\(generated)Tj -201.21 -10.46 Td (by)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 11.81 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.35 0.99 Td [(\))-316(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.13 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.19 0.99 Td [(is)-316(lo)24(w)65(,)-332(the)-317(authority)-317(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 85.99 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.18 0.99 Td [(w)10(ould)-316(not)-317(be)-316(high.)-511(Intu-)]TJ -148.11 -10.46 Td [(iti)24(v)15(ely)65(,)-226(if)-222(all)-222(answers)-222(generated)-222(by)-222(a)-221(speci\002c)-222(answer)-222(are)-222(not)-222(central,)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(it)-303(will)-304(not)-303(be)-303(central.)-470(Note)-304(that)-303(the)-304(re)24(v)15(erse)-302(may)-303(not)-304(be)-303(true:)-417(e)24(v)15(en)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(if)-310(the)-311(generator)-310(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 68.88 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.13 1 Td [(is)-310(important,)-325(it)-311(is)-310(not)-311(necessary)-311(that)-310(its)-311(of)24(f-)]TJ -81.17 -10.46 Td (spring)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 24.53 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 6.28 1 Td [(is)-235(important.)-305(The)-236(moti)24(v)25(ation)-235(can)-236(be)-236(modeled)-236(by)-236(de\002ning)]TJ -35.96 -10.46 Td [(the)-250(authority)-250(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 57.52 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 6.59 0.99 Td [(recursi)25(v)15(ely)-249(as)-250(follo)24(ws:)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf -60.23 -19.02 Td [(author)-28(ity)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.02 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td [(\))-285(=)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 20.54 8.52 Td (X)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf -4.67 -19.02 Td (a)Tj /T1_9 4.98 Tf 4.03 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_10 5.98 Tf 4 1 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (C)Tj /T1_9 4.98 Tf 10.26 -1 Td (a)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 5.89 11.5 Td (nw)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 12.4 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 8.47 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 6.71 0.99 Td (!)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 4.89 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 5.63 0 Td (\243)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 9.21 0 Td [(author)-28(ity)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 39.03 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 8.46 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.16 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 12.61 0 Td (\(9\))Tj -219.62 -21.99 Td [(The)-233(authority)-235(propag)4(ation)-233(will)-234(con)39(v)15(er)18(ge.)-304(The)-235(edge)-234(weights)-234(after)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(normalization)-318(in)-317(Equation)-318(6)-318(correspond)-317(to)-318(transition)-318(probabilities)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(for)-241(a)-241(Mark)9(o)15(v)-240(chain)-241(that)-240(is)-241(aperiodic)-241(and)-241(irreducible,)-243(and)-241(con)39(v)15(er)18(ges)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(to)-391(the)-391(stationary)-392(distrib)19(ution)-390(re)14(g)5(ardless)-390(of)-391(w)-1(here)-391(it)-391(be)14(gins.)-733(The)]TJ T* [(stationary)-383(distrib)19(ution)-381(of)-383(a)-383(Mark)9(o)15(v)-381(chain)-383(can)-383(be)-382(computed)-383(by)-383(a)]TJ T* [(simple)-354(iterati)24(v)15(e)-352(algorithm)-354(called)-354(po)24(wer)-352(method)-354(which)-354(con)39(v)15(er)18(ged)]TJ T* [(v)14(ery)-249(quickly)-250(in)-250(our)-250(e)14(xperiments.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 0 -10.45 TD [(Pr)17(opagation)-253(with)-254(initial)-255(scor)17(e:)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 118.93 0 Td [(Unlik)9(e)-253(the)-254(\002rst)-254(approach,)-256(this)-254(ap-)]TJ -118.93 -10.46 Td [(proach)-237(incorporates)-237(the)-237(initial)-237(score)-237(between)-238(candidate)-237(answer)-237(and)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(question)-233(into)-234(propag)4(ation.)-304(This)-233(propag)4(ation)-233(mechanism)-233(is)-234(inspired)]TJ T* [(by)-308(the)-308(w)9(ork)-307([15].)-484(Gi)24(v)15(en)-307(a)-308(question)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 132.24 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 8.36 0 Td [(and)-308(its)-308(set)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 39.66 0 Td (C)Tj /T1_8 5.98 Tf 6.58 -0.99 Td (q)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.62 0.99 Td [(of)-308(candidate)]TJ -194.46 -10.46 Td [(answer)39(,)-266(the)-264(ranking)-263(score)-264(of)-264(a)-263(candidate)-264(answer)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 174.64 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.64 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 7.52 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 8.5 0 Td (C)Tj /T1_8 5.98 Tf 6.58 -0.99 Td (q)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.23 0.99 Td [(will)-263(be)]TJ -214.27 -10.45 Td [(computed)-250(recursi)24(v)15(ely)-249(as)-250(follo)24(ws.)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 0 -21.92 TD [(P)-143(r)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.58 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf [(\))-285(=)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 32.76 0 Td (\270)Tj 20.93 5.8 Td [(P)-142(r)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.57 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 16.9 0 Td (\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 32.71 -516.45 cm 0 0 m 60.76 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_7 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 104.7192 201.8049 Tm (P)Tj /T1_8 5.98 Tf 9.72 -9.46 Td (t)Tj /T1_10 5.98 Tf 3.25 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (C)Tj /T1_11 4.98 Tf 10.26 -1 Td (q)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 6.51 3.74 Td (P)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 69.6 -524.77 Td (r)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.43 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (t)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\))Tj 20.64 6.08 Td (+\(1)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (\241)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 22.52 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.37 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_7 8.96 Tf 8.08 8.51 Td (X)Tj /T1_8 5.98 Tf -2.96 -19.02 Td (v)Tj /T1_10 5.98 Tf 4.48 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (C)Tj /T1_11 4.98 Tf 10.26 -1 Td (q)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 6.01 11.51 Td (nw)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 12.41 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (v)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 11.88 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (\243)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 10.75 0 Td [(P)-142(r)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.57 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf 5.59 0 Td (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (v)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 8.31 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -23.55 -20.54 Td (\(10\))Tj -215.14 -10.46 Td [(where)-275(the)-275(parameter)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 76.09 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.84 0 Td [(is)-275(a)-276(trade-of)24(f)-274(between)-275(the)-276(score)-275(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 125.57 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.63 0 Td (and)Tj -226.1 -10.46 Td [(the)-270(scores)-271(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 48.1 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td [(')55(s)-270(of)24(fsprings)-269(in)-271(the)-271(equation,)-275(and)-271(is)-271(determined)-270(em-)]TJ -53.26 -10.46 Td [(pirically)64(.)-577(F)14(or)-338(higher)-340(v)24(alue)-338(of)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 110.77 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.37 0 Td [(,)-361(we)-340(gi)24(v)15(e)-338(more)-339(importance)-340(to)-339(the)]TJ -116.14 -10.46 Td [(score)-329(of)-329(the)-329(candidate)-328(answers)-329(itself)-329(compared)-329(to)-329(the)-329(score)-329(of)-329(its)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(of)24(fsprings.)-309(The)-250(weight)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 83.97 0 Td (nw)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 14.64 0 Td [(is)-249(computed)-250(in)-250(Equation)-250(6)-250(.)]TJ -89.64 -10.46 Td [(The)-269(propag)4(ation)-268(will)-270(con)39(v)15(er)18(ge)-269(and)-269(the)-270(stationary)-270(distrib)19(ution)-268(of)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(a)-266(Mark)9(o)15(v)-266(chain)-266(can)-266(be)-267(computed)-266(by)-266(an)-267(iterati)24(v)15(e)-265(po)24(wer)-265(method)-267(al-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(gorithm.)-417(The)-285(denominators)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 102.23 6.73 Td (P)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf 9.72 -9.47 Td (t)Tj /T1_10 5.98 Tf (2)Tj /T1_6 5.98 Tf (C)Tj /T1_11 4.98 Tf 13.11 -0.99 Td (q)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 6.51 3.73 Td [(P)-142(r)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.58 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_5 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (t)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 22 0 Td [(are)-285(used)-286(for)-286(normal-)]TJ -165.15 -11.77 Td [(ization)-323(and)-324(the)-323(second)-324(term)-324(in)-323(the)-324(equation)-323(is)-324(also)-323(normalized)-324(so)]TJ T* [(that)-360(the)-361(weights)-360(of)-361(all)-360(edge)-361(leading)-360(out)-360(of)-361(an)14(y)-359(candidate)-361(answer)]TJ 262.94 653.37 Td [(will)-259(sum)-259(up)-259(to)-259(1.)-336(Therefore,)-261(the)14(y)-258(can)-259(be)-259(treated)-259(as)-259(transition)-259(prob-)]TJ T* [(abilities.)-458(W)39(ith)-298(probability)-300(\(1-)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 107.47 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 5.37 0 Td [(\),)-311(a)-300(transition)-299(is)-299(made)-300(to)-299(the)-300(nodes)]TJ -112.84 -10.46 Td [(that)-213(are)-213(generators)-213(of)-214(the)-213(current)-213(node.)-297(Ev)13(ery)-212(transition)-213(is)-213(weighted)]TJ T* [(according)-250(to)-250(the)-250(similarity)-250(distrib)19(utions.)]TJ /T1_0 11.95 Tf 0 -19.6 TD [(4.3)-1000(Integration)-250(with)-250(other)-250(methods)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.95 Td [(One)-327(bene\002t)-327(of)-328(graph-based)-327(method)-328(is)-328(that)-327(it)-328(is)-327(complementary)]TJ -8.97 -10.45 Td [(with)-239(supervised)-239(methods)-239(for)-239(kno)24(wledge)-238(e)14(xtraction,)-241(e.g.)-239([23,)-241(7])-239(and)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(techniques)-352(for)-351(question)-352(answering,)-377(e.g.)-351([1,)-377(22,)-377(17].)-615(This)-352(section)]TJ T* [(will)-239(discuss)-239(them)-239(respecti)24(v)15(ely)65(.)-305(First,)-241(the)-239(graph-based)-239(model)-239(can)-239(be)]TJ T* [(inte)14(grated)-219(with)-219(classi\002cation)-220(model)-220(when)-220(training)-219(data)-220(is)-220(a)19(v)25(ailable.)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(Second,)-226(we)-221(learn)-221(le)14(xical)-219(matchings)-221(between)-221(questions)-220(and)-221(answers)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(to)-394(enhance)-394(the)-395(IR)-394(methods)-394(for)-394(answer)-394(ranking,)-430(and)-395(thus)-394(graph-)]TJ T* [(based)-250(methods.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf T* [(The)-226(integration)-226(of)-226(graph-based)-226(model)-226(and)-226(classi\002cation)-226(model.)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf T* [(Graph-based)-225(method)-224(and)-225(classi\002cation)-225(method)-225(can)-224(be)-225(inte)14(grated)-224(in)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tw)9(o)-268(w)9(ays)-268(when)-269(training)-269(data)-269(is)-269(a)19(v)25(ailable.)-366(First,)-274(for)-269(each)-269(candidate)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(answer)-205(and)-204(question)-205(pair)39(,)-213(the)-205(results)-205(returned)-204(by)-205(graph-based)-205(meth-)]TJ T* [(ods)-239(can)-240(be)-239(added)-240(as)-239(features)-240(for)-239(classi\002cation)-240(method)-239(to)-240(determine)]TJ T* [(if)-276(the)-276(candidate)-275(answer)-276(is)-276(an)-276(answer)-276(of)-276(the)-276(question.)-387(The)-276(returned)]TJ T* [(classi\002cation)-278(score)-279(for)-278(each)-279(candidate)-278(answer)-279(will)-278(be)-279(used)-278(to)-279(rank)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(all)-332(the)-331(candidate)-332(answers)-332(of)-332(a)-331(question.)-556(In)-331(doing)-332(so,)-352(the)-332(classi\002-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(cation)-323(model)-323(can)-322(mak)9(e)-322(use)-323(of)-323(the)-322(relationship)-323(between)-323(candidate)]TJ T* [(answers.)-619(Second,)-379(the)-353(classi\002cation)-353(score)-354(returned)-353(by)-353(a)-353(classi\002er)]TJ T* [(is)-364(often)-364(\(or)-364(can)-365(be)-364(transformed)-364(into\))-364(the)-364(probability)-365(for)-364(a)-364(candi-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(date)-236(answer)-235(being)-236(a)-236(true)-235(answer)-236(and)-236(can)-235(be)-236(used)-236(as)-236(initial)-235(score)-236(for)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(propag)4(ation)-249(of)-250(graph-based)-250(model.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf T* 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0 Td [(classi\002cation)-342(scor)36(es)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 72.95 0 Td [(,)-365(can)-342(be)-343(used)]TJ -190.05 -10.46 Td [(to)-326(rank)-327(the)-326(candidate)-327(answers)-326(of)-327(a)-326(question.)-540(Note)-326(that)-327(classi\002ca-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tion)-229(based)-229(re-ranking)-229(method)-229(needs)-229(training)-229(data)-229(which)-229(are)-229(usually)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(e)14(xpensi)25(v)15(e)-249(to)-250(get.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(The)-267(methods)-269(presented)-268(abo)14(v)15(e)-267(do)-268(not)-268(mak)9(e)-267(use)-269(of)-268(an)14(y)-267(inter)-268(can-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(didate)-238(answer)-238(information,)-241(while)-238(the)-238(candidate)-238(answers)-238(for)-239(a)-238(ques-)]TJ T* [(tions)-299(are)-299(not)-299(independent)-299(in)-299(forums.)-457(W)79(e)-298(ne)14(xt)-298(present)-299(an)-299(unsuper)19(-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(vised)-297(graph-based)-297(method)-297(that)-297(considers)-298(the)-297(inter)19(-relationships)-296(of)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(candidate)-250(answers.)]TJ /T1_8 11.95 Tf 0 -18.36 TD [(4.2)-1000(Graph)-250(based)-250(pr)17(opagation)-249(method)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.95 Td [(The)-191(graph-based)-192(propag)4(ation)-191(method)-192(has)-192(been)-192(successful)-192(in)-192(W)79(eb)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(search)-202(where)-202(links)-203(are)-202(usually)-202(ob)14(vious.)-293(Ho)24(we)25(v)15(er)40(,)-211(it)-203(remains)-202(lar)17(gely)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(une)14(xplored)-383(to)-385(apply)-385(graph-based)-384(propag)4(ation)-384(for)-384(answer)-385(\002nding)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(especially)-345(in)-345(forum)-344(data.)-595(Intuiti)24(v)15(ely)65(,)-368(if)-344(a)-345(candidate)-345(answer)-345(is)-345(re-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(lated)-392(to)-393(\(e.g.)-738(similar)-392(to\))-393(an)-392(authoritati)24(v)15(e)-392(candidate)-392(answer)-393(with)]TJ T* [(high)-231(score,)-236(the)-231(candidate)-232(answer)39(,)-234(which)-231(may)-232(not)-231(ha)19(v)15(e)-231(a)-231(high)-232(score,)]TJ T* [(is)-279(also)-280(lik)9(ely)-278(to)-280(be)-279(an)-280(answer)54(.)-397(In)-280(this)-279(section,)-287(we)-280(\002rst)-279(present)-280(ho)24(w)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(to)-360(b)19(uild)-360(graphs)-360(for)-361(candidate)-361(answers,)-388(and)-360(then)-361(ho)24(w)-359(to)-361(compute)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(ranking)-250(scores)-250(of)-250(candidate)-250(answers)-250(using)-250(the)-250(graph.)]TJ /T1_9 10.96 Tf 2.74 -18.36 Td [(4.2.1)-1000(Building)-250(Gr)14(aphs)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.23 -12.95 Td [(Gi)25(v)15(en)-384(a)-384(question)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 66.24 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-417(and)-385(the)-384(set)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 55.78 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_2 5.98 Tf 8 -1 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.31 1 Td [(of)-384(its)-385(candidate)-384(answers,)]TJ -147.3 -10.46 Td [(we)-276(b)19(uild)-276(a)-276(weighted)-277(directed)-277(graph)-276(denoted)-277(as)-276(\()]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 173.49 0 Td [(V)-57(;)-171(E)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 17.27 0 Td [(\))-276(with)-277(weight)]TJ -190.76 -10.46 Td (function)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 32.61 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.58 0 Td (:)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 6.26 0 Td (E)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 10.02 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_11 8.96 Tf 11.95 0 Td (R)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.6 0 Td [(,)-318(where)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 29.73 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.15 0 Td [(is)-305(the)-305(set)-305(of)-305(v)14(ertices)-304(and)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 91.45 0 Td (E)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.02 0 Td [(is)-305(the)]TJ -219.37 -10.45 Td [(set)-286(of)-285(directed)-286(edges)-286(and)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 92.46 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (u)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 12.05 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 12.38 0 Td (v)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.8 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.14 0 Td [(is)-286(the)-285(weight)-286(associated)-286(with)]TJ -134.68 -10.46 Td (edge)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 19.82 0 Td (u)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.1 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 13 0 Td (v)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.8 0 Td [(.)-527(Each)-322(candidate)-323(answer)-322(in)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 103.16 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_2 5.98 Tf 8 -1 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.76 1 Td [(will)-322(correspond)-323(to)-322(a)]TJ -165.64 -10.46 Td [(v)14(ertice)-249(in)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 35.72 0 Td (V)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.42 0 Td [(.)-309(The)-250(problem)-250(is)-250(ho)24(w)-249(to)-250(generate)-250(the)-250(edge)-250(set)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 165.36 0 Td (E)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.29 0 Td (.)Tj -206.82 -10.46 Td [(Gi)25(v)15(en)-269(tw)9(o)-269(candidate)-270(answers)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 107.8 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.58 0.99 Td (and)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 15.36 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td [(,)-274(we)-270(use)-270(KL-di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)]TJ -153.36 -10.46 Td [(language)-202(model)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 58.4 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 13 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.16 0.99 Td (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 7.72 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.4 0 Td (\(resp.)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 22.8 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 18.15 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 7.72 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td [(\))-202(to)-202(determine)-203(whether)]TJ -158.92 -10.45 Td [(there)-302(will)-303(be)-302(an)-302(edge)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 79.27 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 7.61 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 12.66 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.05 1 Td (\(resp.)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 24.35 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 7.79 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 12.67 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.16 1 Td [(\).)-467(The)-302(use)-303(of)-302(KL)]TJ -176.19 -10.46 Td [(di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-288(language)-288(model)-289(can)-288(be)-289(moti)24(v)25(ated)-288(by)-288(the)-289(follo)24(wing)-288(e)14(x-)]TJ T* [(ample:)-438(consider)-314(tw)9(o)-314(candidate)-314(answers)-314(for)-314(a)-315(question)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 199.8 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (:)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 12.02 0 Td [(can)-314(tell)]TJ -211.82 -10.46 Td [(me)-286(some)-286(about)-286(hotel)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 74.91 0 Td (.)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 5.99 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.15 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (:)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 5.92 0 Td [(world)-285(hotel)-286(is)-286(good)-286(b)19(ut)-285(i)-286(pr)36(efer)-285(century)]TJ -96.12 -10.46 Td (hotel)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.05 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 16.07 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (:)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 7.04 0 Td [(world)-348(hotel)-348(has)-349(a)-348(very)-349(good)-348(r)36(estaur)15(ant)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 144.76 0 Td [(.)-605(Kno)24(wing)]TJ -198.23 -10.45 Td (that)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 15.67 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.37 1 Td [(is)-247(answer)-247(w)9(ould)-247(pro)14(vide)-247(e)24(vidence)-246(that)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 139.33 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.37 1 Td [(is)-247(also)-248(some)24(what)]TJ -178.06 -10.46 Td [(important)-262(and)-262(could)-262(be)-262(answer)39(,)-264(b)19(ut)-261(not)-262(vice)-262(v)14(ersa.)-345(This)-262(is)-262(because)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf T* (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.57 1 Td [(concerns)-271(both)]TJ /T1_9 8.96 Tf 52.65 0 Td [(world)-270(hotel)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 43.7 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 15.37 0 Td [(century)-270(hotel)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 49.66 0 Td (while)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 22.34 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.57 1 Td (concerns)Tj -207.18 -10.46 Td (only)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 18.09 0 Td [(world)-240(hotel)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 41 0 Td [(.)-306(KL-di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-239(language)-240(model)-240(allo)24(ws)-239(us)-240(to)-240(cap-)]TJ -59.09 -10.46 Td [(ture)-366(the)-366(asymmetry)-366(in)-366(ho)24(w)-364(the)-366(authority)-366(is)-366(propag)4(ated.)-657(The)-366(co-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(sine)-246(similarity)-245(used)-246(in)-492([15])-245(to)-246(construct)-246(a)-246(graph)-245(cannot)-246(capture)-246(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(asymmetry)64(.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(W)80(e)-237(ne)14(xt)-237(introduce)-238(the)-237(de\002nitions)-238(of)]TJ /T1_9 8.96 Tf 129.94 0 Td [(g)9(ener)15(ator)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 37.26 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_9 8.96 Tf 15.08 0 Td [(of)18(fspring)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 34.35 0 Td (that)Tj -225.6 -10.46 Td [(will)-250(frame)-250(edge)-250(generation.)]TJ /T1_8 8.96 Tf 0 -14.49 TD [(De\002nition)-311(1:)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 51.98 0 Td [(Gi)24(v)15(en)-309(tw)9(o)-310(candidate)-311(answers)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 109.27 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.94 0.99 Td (and)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 15.73 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td [(,)-326(if)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 13.43 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.61 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.6 0 Td [(\(1)-275(+)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf -221.22 -10.46 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 9.42 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.73 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.16 0.99 Td (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 7.72 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (\)\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 11.11 0 Td [(is)-440(lar)17(ger)-440(than)-440(a)-440(gi)24(v)15(en)-439(threshold)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 122.74 0 Td (\265)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.57 0 Td [(,)-488(an)-440(edge)-440(will)-440(be)]TJ -172.79 -10.45 Td [(formed)-350(from)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 49.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.29 1 Td (to)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 10.12 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td [(.)-609(W)79(e)-349(say)-350(that)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 54.24 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.48 1 Td [(is)-349(a)]TJ /T1_9 8.96 Tf 16.23 0 Td [(g)9(ener)15(ator)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 38.27 0 Td (of)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 10.6 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.3 1 Td (and)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf -226.1 -10.46 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.4 1 Td [(is)-249(an)]TJ /T1_9 8.96 Tf 18.92 0 Td [(of)17(fspring)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 34.46 0 Td (of)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 9.71 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td (.)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 148.14 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -223.32 -14.49 Td [(According)-334(to)-334(the)-335(de\002nition,)-356(we)-335(can)-334(determine)-335(whether)-334(to)-335(gen-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(erate)-335(an)-336(edge)-335(from)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 72.26 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.17 1 Td (to)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 9.98 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td [(,)-356(and)-335(similarly)-336(we)-335(can)-336(determine)-335(the)]TJ 158.88 653.37 Td [(presence)-247(of)-248(an)-247(edge)-247(from)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 92.72 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.38 1 Td (to)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 9.19 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.57 1 Td [(by)-246(comparing)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 51.73 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 13 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 7.71 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.16 1 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.8 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 15.16 0 Td (\265)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.57 0 Td (.)Tj -236.8 -10.46 Td [(The)-244(parameter)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 54.15 0 Td (\265)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.76 0 Td [(in)-243(the)-244(de\002nition)-244(is)-244(determined)-244(empirically)-244(and)-244(we)]TJ -60.91 -10.46 Td [(found)-288(in)-288(our)-288(e)14(xperiments)-287(that)-288(our)-288(methods)-289(are)-288(not)-288(sensiti)24(v)15(e)-287(to)-288(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(parameter)54(.)-453(W)79(e)-298(allo)24(w)-297(self-loop,)-310(i.e.,)-310(each)-298(candidate)-299(answer)-298(can)-298(be)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(its)-246(o)24(wn)-246(generator)54(.)-308(The)-246(self-loop)-247(edge)-246(will)-247(allo)24(w)-245(that)-246(one)-247(candidate)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(answer)-298(is)-298(its)-298(o)24(wn)-297(generator)-298(and)-298(of)24(fspring.)-454(This)-298(will)-298(also)-298(function)]TJ T* [(as)-231(a)-231(smoothing)-231(f)9(actor)-230(in)-231(computing)-231(weight)-231(and)-231(authority)64(.)-303(Note)-231(that)]TJ T* [(one)-273(candidate)-273(answer)-273(can)-273(be)-273(a)-274(generator)-273(of)-273(multiple)-273(candidate)-273(an-)]TJ T* [(swers)-337(and)-336(that)-337(it)-337(is)-336(possible)-337(for)-337(one)-336(candidate)-337(answer)-337(to)-336(ha)19(v)15(e)-336(no)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(generator)54(.)-465(In)-302(the)-302(e)14(xtreme)-301(case,)-314(there)-302(is)-302(no)-302(edges)-302(in)-302(the)-302(graph)-302(and)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(thus)-250(graph)-250(propag)4(ation)-249(is)-250(turned)-250(of)24(f.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(After)-339(we)-341(ha)19(v)15(e)-339(both)-340(v)14(ertices)-339(and)-340(edges,)-363(the)-340(remaining)-340(problem)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(is)-264(to)-265(compute)-264(weight)-265(for)-264(each)-265(edge.)-353(One)-265(straightforw)9(ard)-263(w)9(ay)-263(is)-265(to)]TJ T* [(use)-338(the)-339(KL-di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)-337(score.)-575(T)79(o)-338(achie)24(v)15(e)-337(better)-338(performance,)-361(we)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(will)-250(consider)-250(tw)9(o)-249(more)-250(f)9(actors)-249(in)-250(computing)-250(weight.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(First,)-245(we)-245(observ)14(e)-244(that)-245(the)-244(replying)-245(posts)-245(f)9(ar)-244(a)14(w)10(ay)-244(from)-244(the)-245(ques-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(tion)-223(post)-224(usually)-223(are)-223(less)-224(lik)9(ely)-222(to)-224(contain)-223(answers)-223(for)-224(the)-223(questions)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(in)-227(the)-227(post)-226(in)-227(forums.)-302(Hence,)-232(when)-227(b)19(uilding)-226(the)-226(digraph)-227(for)-227(a)-227(ques-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tion,)-275(we)-269(consider)-270(the)-270(distance)-269(between)-270(a)-270(candidate)-270(answer)-269(and)-270(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(question,)-250(denoted)-250(by)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 76.69 0 Td (d)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.71 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (;)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 13.27 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (.)Tj -90.86 -10.46 Td [(Second,)-329(we)-314(observ)14(e)-314(that)-314(in)-314(forums)-314(the)-314(posts)-314(from)-314(authors)-314(with)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(high)-352(authority)-352(are)-351(more)-352(lik)9(ely)-351(to)-352(contain)-352(answers.)-615(Some)-352(forums)]TJ T* [(may)-313(pro)14(vide)-312(the)-313(authority)-313(le)24(v)15(el)-311(of)-313(authors)-313(while)-313(man)14(y)-312(forums)-313(do)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(not)-245(ha)19(v)15(e)-244(the)-245(information.)-308(W)79(e)-244(estimate)-245(the)-245(authority)-245(of)-245(an)-245(author)-245(in)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(terms)-209(of)-208(the)-209(number)-209(of)-208(his)-209(replying)-209(posts)-208(and)-209(the)-209(number)-208(of)-209(threads)]TJ 0 -12.96 TD [(initiated)-247(by)-247(him:)]TJ /T1_14 8.96 Tf 61.98 0 Td (author)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 32.27 0 Td [(\(i\))-247(=)]TJ /T1_12 5.98 Tf 35.29 4.3 Td (\(#)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.85 0 Td [(r)-32(eply)]TJ /T1_15 4.98 Tf 17.2 -1.26 Td (i)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 3.16 1.26 Td (\))Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 2.87 2.51 Td (2)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.89 -2.51 Td (=)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf (#)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 9.79 0 Td [(star)-33(t)]TJ /T1_15 4.98 Tf 16.89 -1.26 Td (i)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 358.13 -253.47 cm 0 0 m 98.1 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_12 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 430.2303 460.9675 Tm (max)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 13.48 -1.34 Td (j)Tj /T1_17 4.98 Tf 3.22 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 4.7 0 Td (I)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 4 1.34 Td (\(\(#)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 11.73 0 Td (r)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 398.926 -258.96 Td (eply)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 13.544 -1.26 Td (j)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 3.72 1.26 Td (\))Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 2.87 1.72 Td (2)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.89 -1.72 Td (=)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf (#)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf [(star)-31(t)]TJ /T1_15 4.98 Tf 26.68 -1.26 Td (j)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 3.72 1.26 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.07 3.25 Td [(,)-247(where)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf -212.68 -12.68 Td (I)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.97 0 Td [(is)-250(the)-250(set)-250(of)-250(all)-250(authors)-250(in)-250(a)-250(forum.)]TJ 2 -10.46 Td [(Gi)25(v)15(en)-389(tw)9(o)-388(candidate)-390(answers)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 112.09 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.65 1 Td (and)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 16.44 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td [(,)-423(the)-390(weight)-389(for)-390(edge)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf -159.8 -10.46 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.73 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 11.79 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.6 1 Td [(is)-250(computed)-251(by)-250(a)-251(linear)-251(interpolation)-251(of)-251(the)-251(three)-250(f)9(actors,)]TJ -35.43 -10.46 Td [(namely)-383(the)-384(similarity)-383(computed)-383(from)-384(KL-di)24(v)15(er)18(gence)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 198.85 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 18.15 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.16 0.99 Td (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 7.71 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (,)Tj -233.22 -10.46 Td [(the)-250(distance)-250(of)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 54.52 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.58 0.99 Td (from)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 19.67 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-249(and)-250(the)-250(authority)-250(of)-250(the)-250(author)-250(of)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 130.82 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (.)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -211.22 -21.72 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.84 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.74 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.72 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td [(\))-285(=)]TJ 55.99 5.8 Td (1)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 320.4 -329.71 cm 0 0 m 82.47 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 392.4897 381.8754 Tm (1)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 327.048 -338.03 Td (+)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 9.222 0 Td (KL)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (P)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 20.15 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.16 1 Td (\))Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (P)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 13.3 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td (\)\))Tj 10.41 6.08 Td (+)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 9.21 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 5.37 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 18.58 6.8 Td (1)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 426.05 -329.71 cm 0 0 m 31.06 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_3 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 498.1693 381.8754 Tm (d)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 8.29 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td (;)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 4.09 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 25.4 6.08 Td (\(5\))Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf -139.86 -24.98 Td (+)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (\270)Tj /T1_12 5.98 Tf 12.54 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td (author)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 28.23 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -137.77 -16.44 Td (W)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 261.451 -373.37 Td [(e)-190(emplo)9(y)-190(the)-191(normalization)-191(method)-191(in)-191(P)14(ageRank)-190(algorithm)-382([2])]TJ -16.711 -10.45 Td [(to)-276(normalize)-276(weight.)-387(Intuiti)24(v)15(ely)65(,)-281(gi)24(v)15(en)-275(a)-276(\224damping)-275(f)9(actor")]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 212.31 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_0 5.98 Tf 7.85 3.8 Td (4)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.43 -3.8 Td ([2])Tj -228.59 -10.46 Td [(\(w)9(as)-270(set)-272(at)-271(0.01\),)-277(a)-271(candidate)-272(answer)]TJ /T1_10 8.96 Tf 134.97 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.59 1 Td [(and)-271(a)-272(set)-271(of)-271(its)-272(generators)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf -146.72 -10.46 Td (G)Tj /T1_2 5.98 Tf 7.22 -1 Td (a)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 4.03 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.16 1.99 Td [(in)-297(the)-298(set)-297(of)-298(candidate)-297(answers)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 114.58 0 Td (A)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.9 0 Td [(,)-309(we)-298(normalized)-297(the)-298(weight)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf -139.89 -10.46 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.46 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.72 0.99 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.82 0 Td [(among)-249(all)-250(generators)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 77.42 0 Td (g)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.96 0 Td (of)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 9.7 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.16 0.99 Td (,)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.48 0 Td (g)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.96 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 8.7 0 Td (G)Tj /T1_2 5.98 Tf 7.21 -0.99 Td (a)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 4.03 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.5 1.99 Td (.)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -179.65 -22.76 Td (nw)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 12.4 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.46 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.72 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.35 1 Td [(\))-285(=)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 15.86 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 13.27 5.8 Td (1)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 324.23 -435.72 cm 0 0 m 17.99 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_6 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 396.3208 275.8357 Tm (j)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (A)Tj /T1_2 5.98 Tf 10.57 -1 Td (q)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.86 1 Td (j)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.81 6.08 Td (+)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 354.663 -437.96 Td (\(1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 10.247 0 Td (\241)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 9.22 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 5.37 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 19.61 5.8 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.73 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.72 0.99 Td (!)Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.16 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.34 0.99 Td (\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 384.28 -435.72 cm 0 0 m 76.82 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_7 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 456.3876 282.5576 Tm (P)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 9.72 -9.46 Td (g)Tj /T1_18 5.98 Tf 3.85 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf (G)Tj /T1_19 4.98 Tf 10.67 -1 Td (a)Tj /T1_15 4.98 Tf 3.68 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 6.53 4.73 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.84 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_10 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 5.15 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.72 1 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (g)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.72 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 4.77 6.08 Td (:)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 11.04 0 Td (\(6\))Tj -219.62 -20.85 Td (If)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 261.917 -458.81 Td [(a)-251(candidate)-251(answer)-250(has)-251(multiple)-251(generators,)-251(the)-250(importance)-251(of)]TJ -17.177 -10.46 Td [(the)-306(weight)-306(of)-307(the)-306(generators)-306(will)-306(be)-306(normalized)-307(across)-306(its)-306(genera-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(tors.)-520(W)79(e)-319(ne)14(xt)-319(illustrate)-320(the)-320(normalization)-320(with)-320(an)-320(e)14(xample.)-519(Con-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(sider)-213(the)-213(graph)-213(b)19(uilt)-212(from)-213(the)-213(candidate)-213(answers)-213(of)-213(a)-213(question)-213(gi)24(v)15(en)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(in)-321(Figure)-321(1.)-523(The)-322(candidate)-321(answer)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 129.86 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.27 2.15 Td [(has)-320(three)-321(generators,)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 78.23 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.64 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.38 2.15 Td (,)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -236.8 -10.46 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.64 -1.15 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.66 2.15 Td [(and)-365(itself.)-658(The)-366(weight)-365(of)-366(edge)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 118.13 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 8.92 2.15 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 13.75 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (g)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.63 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.66 2.15 Td [(will)-366(be)-366(normal-)]TJ -181.69 -10.46 Td [(ized)-442(from)-443(three)-442(weights)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 94.03 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.46 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 10.23 2.14 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 15.05 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.63 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.39 2.14 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (,)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 10.22 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.84 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 10.23 2.14 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 15.05 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (g)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.63 -1.15 Td (2)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.39 2.14 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.55 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf -226.1 -10.46 Td (w)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.85 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 8.46 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.95 2.14 Td (!)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 11.77 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.88 -0.99 Td (o)Tj /T1_16 4.98 Tf 3.66 -1.15 Td (1)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 4.38 2.14 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td [(.)-305(Note)-236(that)-237(a)-236(candidate)-237(answer)-236(can)-237(be)-236(a)-237(generator)-236(of)]TJ -54.2 -10.45 Td [(itself)-250(and)-250(w)9(ould)-249(function)-250(as)-250(a)-250(smoothing)-250(f)9(actor)55(.)]TJ /T1_9 10.96 Tf 2.74 -19.45 Td [(4.2.2)-1000(Computing)-250(Pr)44(opa)10(gated)-249(Scor)36(es)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.23 -12.95 Td [(W)80(e)-202(de)24(v)15(elop)-202(tw)9(o)-201(approaches)-203(to)-202(inte)14(grating)-202(the)-203(propag)4(ated)-201(author)19(-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(ity)-290(with)-289(the)-290(initial)-289(ranking)-290(scores)-289(that)-290(are)-289(computed)-290(using)-289(an)14(y)-289(ap-)]TJ T* [(proach)-250(described)-250(in)-250(Section)-250(4.1.)]TJ /T1_8 8.96 Tf 0 -10.45 TD [(Pr)17(opagation)-425(without)-427(initial)-426(scor)17(e:)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 139.1 0 Td [(F)15(or)-426(each)-426(candidate)-427(answer)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf -139.1 -10.46 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 8.68 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 9.93 0 Td (C)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 6.58 -1 Td (a)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.53 1 Td [(,)-340(the)-323(methods)-322(introduced)-322(in)-323(Section)-322(4.1)-323(can)-322(be)-322(emplo)9(yed)]TJ -29.72 -10.46 Td [(to)-347(compute)-348(its)-347(initial)-348(ranking)-347(score.)-603(Moreo)14(v)15(er)40(,)-371(we)-347(also)-348(compute)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.4 w q 1 0 0 1 244.74 -634.48 cm 0 0 m 119.52 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 317.8088 78.5004 Tm (4)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 3.49 -3.81 Td (T)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 253.462 -645.13 Td [(o)-244(mak)9(e)-243(sure)-245(that)-245(the)-245(Mark)9(o)15(v)-243(chains)-245(are)-245(al)9(w)10(ays)-243(irreducible)-245(and)-245(aperiodic)]TJ ET q 1 0 0 1 232.8414917 764 cm /GS0 gs /Fm0 Do Q endstream endobj 149 0 obj <> endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 87 0 obj <> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 90 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <>stream 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8.96 Tf 6.71 0.99 Td [(<)-285(i)]TJ /T1_5 5.98 Tf 12.88 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 6.71 0.99 Td [(<)-285(:::)-285(<)-286(i)]TJ /T1_7 5.98 Tf 32.84 -0.99 Td (m)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 9.59 0.99 Td (\267)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.72 0 Td (n)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -233.48 -10.45 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.44 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 4.88 -1 Td (j)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6.93 1 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 10.2 0 Td (b)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 3.95 -1 Td (i)Tj /T1_8 4.98 Tf 2.66 -1.26 Td (j)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.71 2.26 Td [(for)-277(all)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 24.39 0 Td (j)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 7.32 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.17 0 Td (1)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.61 0 Td [(;)-170(:::;)-172(m)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-284(and)-278(2\))-278(the)-277(distance)-278(between)-278(the)]TJ -96.26 -10.46 Td [(tw)9(o)-192(adjacent)-194(items)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 67.85 0 Td (b)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 3.95 -1 Td (i)Tj /T1_8 4.98 Tf 2.66 -1.26 Td (j)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.95 2.26 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 14.68 0 Td (b)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 3.95 -1 Td (i)Tj /T1_8 4.98 Tf 2.66 -1.26 Td (j)Tj /T1_9 4.98 Tf 3.22 0 Td (+1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 11.24 2.26 Td (in)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 8.71 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.29 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.88 1 Td [(needs)-193(to)-193(be)-194(less)-193(than)-193(a)-194(thresh-)]TJ -135.04 -10.46 Td (old)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 13.92 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.83 0 Td [(\(we)-274(used)-275(5\).)-383(Similarly)64(,)-280(we)-275(say)-274(that)-275(a)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 135.15 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.19 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.61 1 Td [(is)-274(contained)-274(by)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf -184.33 -10.46 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.41 0.99 Td [(if)-252(the)-252(sequence)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 56.07 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (.)Tj /T1_1 7.97 Tf (LHS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 18.67 0 Td [(is)-251(contained)-253(by)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 56.58 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.62 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (.)Tj /T1_1 7.97 Tf (LHS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 18.67 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.21 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.62 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (:c)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.15 0 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.77 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.62 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (:c)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.55 0 Td (.)Tj -236.8 -10.46 Td [(Note)-250(that)-250(it)-250(is)-250(not)-250(required)-250(that)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 112.29 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.29 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.4 0.99 Td [(appears)-249(continuously)-250(in)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 87.38 0 Td (s)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.3 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 0.99 Td (.)Tj -209.84 -10.45 Td (The)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 16.97 0 Td (support)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 30.42 0 Td (of)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 10.49 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.63 0 Td [(,)-359(denoted)-338(by)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 48.87 0 Td (sup)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 19.72 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-360(is)-338(the)-338(percentage)-338(of)-338(tu-)]TJ -140.07 -10.46 Td [(ples)-317(in)-317(database)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 60.8 0 Td (D)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.7 0 Td [(that)-316(contain)-317(the)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 59.31 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.56 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.63 0 Td [(.)-510(The)-317(probability)-317(of)-317(the)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf -152 -10.46 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.61 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(being)-321(true)-321(is)-322(referred)-321(to)-321(as)-321(\223the)-321(con\002dence)-322(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 169.79 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.5 0 Td [(\224,)-339(denoted)]TJ -201.4 -11.72 Td (by)Tj /T1_3 8.96 Tf 12.33 0 Td (conf)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 21.51 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (p)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 8.21 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-406(and)-375(is)-375(computed)-375(as)]TJ /T1_10 5.98 Tf 95.14 4.3 Td (sup)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 9.52 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 6.72 0 Td (\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 109.69 -314.98 cm 0 0 m 37.71 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_10 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 181.7207 399.6503 Tm (sup)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf (\()Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf (p:LH)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 139.693 -320.26 Td (S)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.827 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.08 3.04 Td [(.)-684(The)-375(support)-375(is)-375(to)]TJ -166.8 -11.61 Td [(measure)-243(the)-243(generality)-244(of)-243(the)-243(pattern)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 133.07 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.8 0 Td [(and)-243(minimum)-244(con\002dence)-243(is)]TJ -139.87 -10.46 Td [(a)-298(statement)-298(of)-298(predicti)24(v)15(e)-297(ability)-299(of)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 127.71 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(.)-454(F)14(or)-298(e)14(xample,)-309(consider)-298(a)-298(se-)]TJ -127.71 -10.46 Td [(quence)-274(database)-275(containing)-274(three)-275(tuples)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 145.73 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.33 -0.99 Td (1)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 7.12 0.99 Td [(=)-332(\()]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 13.73 0 Td [(<)-331(a;)-171(d;)-172(e;)-171(f)-441(>;)-171(Q)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 63.31 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (,)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf -233.22 -10.45 Td (t)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.33 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 7.53 1 Td [(=)-377(\()]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 14.13 0 Td [(<)-377(a;)-171(f)-52(;)-171(e;)-172(f)-486(>;)-171(Q)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 64.29 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.25 0 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.62 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.33 -1 Td (3)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 7.53 1 Td [(=)-377(\()]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 14.13 0 Td [(<)-377(d;)-171(a;)-172(f)-486(>;)-171(N)-108(Q)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 64.08 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(.)-455(One)-298(e)14(x-)]TJ -200.22 -10.46 Td (ample)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 24.47 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.28 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.7 1 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 7.61 0 Td [(<)-352(a;)-172(e;)-171(f)-461(>)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 43.45 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 12.37 0 Td (Q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(,)-294(which)-285(is)-285(contained)-285(in)-285(tuples)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 116.05 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.33 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -234.89 -9.46 Td (and)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 15.98 0 Td (t)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.32 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td [(.)-574(Its)-338(support)-339(is)-338(66.7%)-338(and)-338(its)-338(con\002dence)-338(is)-338(100%.)-575(As)-338(an-)]TJ -23.45 -10.46 Td [(other)-314(e)14(xample,)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 56.67 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 16.54 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -0.99 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.96 0.99 Td (=)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 7.87 0 Td [(<)-407(a;)-171(f)-516(>)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf 36.06 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 12.86 0 Td (Q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 10.08 0 Td [(with)-314(support)-314(66.7%)-314(and)]TJ -151.67 -10.45 Td [(con\002dence)-250(66.7%.)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 69.25 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.62 -1 Td (1)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 6.39 1 Td [(is)-250(a)-250(better)-250(indication)-250(of)-250(class)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 104.57 0 Td (Q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 9.5 0 Td (than)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 17.68 0 Td (p)Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 4.63 -1 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 4.15 1 Td (.)Tj -211.82 -10.46 Td [(T)80(o)-224(mine)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 31.19 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s,)-229(we)-224(need)-225(to)-224(pre-process)-225(each)-224(sentence)-224(by)-225(applying)]TJ -40.16 -10.46 Td [(P)14(art-Of-Speech)-190(\()]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 60.33 0 Td (POS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 14.61 0 Td [(\))-191(tagger)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 28.82 0 Td (MXPOST)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 34.03 0 Td [(T)79(oolkit)]TJ /T1_0 5.98 Tf 25.68 3.81 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.21 -3.81 Td [(to)-191(tag)-191(each)-192(sentence)]TJ -168.68 -10.46 Td [(while)-208(k)9(eeping)-208(k)9(e)15(yw)10(ords)-207(including)-208(5W1H,)-209(modal)-208(w)9(ords,)-216(\223w)9(onder",)]TJ T* [(\223an)14(y")-260(etc.)-343(F)14(or)-260(e)14(xample,)-262(the)-261(sentence)-261(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 138.52 0 Td [(wher)36(e)-260(can)-261(you)-261(\002nd)-261(a)-261(job)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 88.55 0 Td [(")-260(is)]TJ -227.07 -10.45 Td [(con)39(v)15(erted)-281(into)-282(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 57.84 0 Td [(wher)37(e)-282(can)-282(PRP)-282(VB)-282(DT)-282(NN)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 97.96 0 Td [(",)-290(where)-282(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 36.91 0 Td (PRP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 16.43 0 Td [(\224,)-281(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 12.73 0 Td (VB)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (\224,)Tj -221.87 -10.46 Td (\223)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf (DT)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 15.44 0 Td [(\224)-334(and)-334(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 26.9 0 Td (NN)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 11.96 0 Td [(\224)-333(are)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 20.92 0 Td (POS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 17.61 0 Td [(tags.)-562(Each)-335(processed)-334(sentence)-335(becomes)]TJ -92.83 -10.46 Td [(a)-371(database)-371(tuple.)-673(Note)-371(that)-371(the)-371(k)9(e)15(yw)10(ords)-370(are)-371(usually)-371(good)-371(indi-)]TJ T* [(cations)-343(of)-343(questions)-343(while)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 98.95 0 Td (POS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 17.69 0 Td [(tags)-342(can)-343(reduce)-343(the)-343(sparseness)-343(of)]TJ -116.64 -10.46 Td [(w)9(ords.)-620(The)-353(combination)-354(of)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 105.36 0 Td (POS)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 17.79 0 Td [(tags)-353(and)-353(k)9(e)15(yw)10(ords)-353(allo)24(ws)-353(us)-353(to)]TJ -123.15 -10.45 Td [(capture)-395(representati)24(v)15(e)-395(features)-396(for)-395(question)-396(sentences)-395(by)-396(mining)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf T* (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s.)-540(Some)-327(e)14(xample)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 80.82 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s)-326(include)-327(\223)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 53.44 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf 7.17 0 Td [(anyone)10(,)-346(VB,)-326(how)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 62.21 0 Td (>)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 10.09 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 12.15 0 Td (Q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.26 0 Td (",)Tj -233.14 -10.46 Td [(and)-327(\223)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 19.86 0 Td (<)Tj /T1_1 8.96 Tf [(what,)-346(do,)-346(PRP)134(,)-326(VB)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 75.6 0 Td (>)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 10.09 0 Td (!)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 12.15 0 Td (Q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.26 0 Td [(".)-541(Note)-326(that)-327(the)-327(con\002dences)-327(of)]TJ -124.96 -10.46 Td [(the)-249(disco)14(v)15(ered)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 53.99 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s)-248(are)-250(not)-249(necessary)-249(100%,)-249(their)-250(lengths)-249(are)-249(\003e)14(x-)]TJ -53.99 -10.46 Td [(ible)-233(and)-234(the)14(y)-232(can)-233(be)-234(composed)-233(of)-234(contiguous)-233(or)-233(distant)-234(w)9(ords/tags.)]TJ 8.97 -10.45 Td [(Gi)25(v)15(en)-285(a)-286(collection)-285(of)-286(processed)-286(data,)-294(we)-286(will)-286(mine)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 186.32 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s)-285(by)-286(im-)]TJ -195.29 -10.46 Td [(posing)-326(both)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 45.69 0 Td [(minimum)-325(support)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 66.59 0 Td [(threshold)-325(and)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 52.15 0 Td [(minimum)-325(con\002dence)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf -164.43 -10.46 Td [(threshold.)-303(The)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 54.31 0 Td [(minimum)-229(support)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 64.86 0 Td [(threshold)-229(is)-229(to)-229(ensure)-229(that)-228(the)-229(dis-)]TJ -119.17 -10.46 Td [(co)14(v)15(ered)-247(patterns)-248(are)-247(general)-248(while)-248(the)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 138.01 0 Td [(minimum)-248(con\002dence)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 76.14 0 Td (thresh-)Tj -214.15 -10.45 Td [(old)-278(ensures)-278(that)-279(all)-278(disco)14(v)15(ered)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 111.78 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf [(s)-278(are)-278(discriminating)-279(and)-278(are)-278(ca-)]TJ -111.78 -10.46 Td [(pable)-282(of)-281(predicting)-282(question)-282(or)-281(non-question)-282(sentences.)-405(In)-282(our)-282(e)14(x-)]TJ T* [(periments,)-277(we)-272(empirically)-272(set)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 108.64 0 Td [(minimum)-271(support)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 65.63 0 Td [(at)-271(0.5%)-272(and)-544(min-)]TJ ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.4 w q 1 0 0 1 -18.2 -634.48 cm 0 0 m 119.52 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_0 5.98 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 54.7952 78.5004 Tm (2)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 3.49 -3.81 Td (http://www)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 22.083 -645.13 Td (.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/)Tj /T1_11 7.97 Tf 53.087 0 Td (\273)Tj /T1_0 7.97 Tf 6.59 0 Td [(jamesc/taggers/MXPOST)74(.html)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 162.98 653.37 Td [(imum)-375(con\002dence)-375(at)-375(85%)]TJ /T1_0 5.98 Tf 96.1 3.8 Td (3)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 3.49 -3.8 Td [(.)-684(Existing)-375(frequent)-375(sequential)-375(pattern)]TJ -99.59 -10.46 Td [(mining)-210(algorithms)-210(\(e.g.)-210([16]\))-210(do)-210(not)-211(consider)-420(minimum)-210(con\002dence)]TJ T* [(constraint.)-310(W)79(e)-249(adapt)-250(it)-250(to)-250(mining)-250(LSPs)-250(with)-250(constraints.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(Each)-363(disco)14(v)15(ered)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 63.01 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 16.99 0 Td [(forms)-364(a)-364(binary)-364(feature)-364(as)-364(the)-364(input)-364(for)-364(a)]TJ -88.97 -10.45 Td [(classi\002cation)-275(model.)-385(If)-275(a)-275(sentence)-275(includes)-275(a)]TJ /T1_0 7.97 Tf 164.38 0 Td (LSP)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 13.72 0 Td [(,)-275(the)-275(correspond-)]TJ -178.1 -10.46 Td [(ing)-217(feature)-218(is)-217(set)-218(at)-217(1.)-300(W)79(e)-216(b)19(uild)-217(a)-217(classi\002er)-218(to)-217(detect)-218(questions)-217(using)]TJ T* [(Ripper)-250(classi\002cation)-250(algorithm.)]TJ /T1_12 11.95 Tf 0 -26.65 TD [(4.)-1000(ALGORITHMS)-324(FOR)-323(ANSWER)-324(DETEC-)]TJ 20.92 -13.95 Td (TION)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -11.95 -12.94 Td [(In)-284(this)-285(section,)-294(we)-285(present)-285(our)-285(techniques)-285(to)-284(\002nd)-285(answers)-285(in)-285(fo-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(rums)-277(for)-276(e)13(xtracted)-275(questions.)-391(The)-276(input)-277(is)-277(a)-277(forum)-276(thread)-277(with)-277(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(questions)-200(annotated;)-216(the)-200(output)-200(is)-199(a)-200(list)-200(of)-200(rank)9(ed)-198(candidate)-200(answers)]TJ T* [(for)-324(each)-325(question.)-534(W)79(e)-323(observ)14(ed)-324(that)-324(paragraphs)-325(are)-324(usually)-325(good)]TJ T* [(answer)-324(se)14(gments)-323(in)-324(forums.)-533(F)14(or)-323(e)14(xample,)-342(gi)24(v)15(en)-323(a)-324(question)-324(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 224.1 0 Td (Can)Tj -224.1 -10.45 Td [(anyone)-275(tell)-275(me)-275(wher)36(e)-274(to)-275(go)-275(at)-275(night)-275(in)-275(Orlando?)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 174.73 0 Td [(",)-281(its)-275(answer)-275(\223)]TJ /T1_1 8.96 Tf 51.19 0 Td [(Y)92(ou)]TJ -225.92 -10.46 Td [(would)-235(be)-235(better)-236(of)17(f)-234(outside)-235(the)-235(city)54(.)-304(look)-235(into)-236(International)-235(drive)-235(or)]TJ T* [(Lak)9(e)-293(Buena)-295(V)73(ista.)-442(for)-295(nightlife)-294(try)-295(W)91(estside)-293(in)-295(the)-294(Disne)29(y)-294(V)73(illa)10(g)10(e)15(.)]TJ T* [(have)-364(a)-365(look)-364(at)-365(MARRIO)39(TTVILLA)35(GE.COM.)-363(located)-365(in)-364(LBV)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 218.89 0 Td [(")-364(is)-365(a)]TJ -218.89 -10.46 Td [(paragraph.)-306(W)79(e)-239(also)-239(observ)14(ed)-239(that)-239(the)-240(answers)-239(to)-240(a)-239(question)-240(usually)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(appear)-212(in)-213(the)-212(posts)-213(after)-212(the)-213(post)-212(containing)-213(the)-212(question.)-297(Hence)-213(for)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(each)-200(question)-199(we)-200(assume)-200(its)-199(set)-200(of)-200(candidate)-199(answers)-200(to)-200(be)-199(the)-200(para-)]TJ T* [(graphs)-284(in)-284(the)-285(follo)24(wing)-283(posts)-284(of)-284(the)-285(question.)-412(W)79(e)-283(w)9(ould)-284(point)-284(out)]TJ T* [(that)-303(the)-303(proposed)-303(techniques)-303(are)-303(equally)-303(applicable)-303(to)-303(other)-303(kinds)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(of)-250(se)14(gments.)]TJ /T1_12 11.95 Tf 0 -19.8 TD [(4.1)-1000(Pr)17(eliminary)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.97 -12.95 Td [(W)80(e)-236(will)-236(brie\003y)-236(introduce)-236(three)-237(IR)-236(methods)-236(to)-237(rank)-236(candidate)-236(an-)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(swers)-216(for)-216(a)-215(gi)24(v)15(en)-215(forum)-216(question,)-223(and)-216(then)-216(discuss)-215(ho)24(w)-215(to)-216(adapt)-216(the)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(classi\002cation)-250(method)-250([23,)-250(7])-250(to)-250(rank)-250(answers.)]TJ /T1_12 8.96 Tf 8.97 -10.46 Td [(Cosine)-303(Similarity)69(.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 72.82 0 Td [(Gi)25(v)15(en)-304(a)-304(question)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 64.09 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.32 0 Td [(and)-304(a)-304(candidate)-304(answer)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf -154.2 -10.45 Td (a)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td [(,)-279(their)-273(cosine)-274(similarity)-273(weighted)-274(by)-273(in)39(v)15(erse)-273(document)-273(frequenc)14(y)]TJ -5.16 -10.46 Td [(\(idf\))-250(can)-250(be)-250(computed)-250(as)-250(follo)24(ws:)]TJ /T1_14 8.96 Tf 0 -25.41 TD (COS)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 14.12 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf (q)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (;)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 13.28 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf [(\))-285(=)]TJ /T1_15 8.96 Tf 53.96 14.19 Td (P)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 9.73 -9.47 Td (w)Tj /T1_16 5.98 Tf 5.5 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_17 5.98 Tf (q)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf (;)Tj /T1_17 5.98 Tf 11.61 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 6.07 2.74 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.45 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf [(w)-26(;)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 14.52 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 11.23 0 Td (\243)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.21 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.45 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf [(w)-26(;)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 14.52 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\)\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 12.32 0 Td [(id)171(f)]TJ /T1_7 5.98 Tf 10.86 -0.99 Td (w)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6 0.99 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.58 3.81 Td (2)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 294.36 -362.67 cm 0 0 m 193.69 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_15 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 366.4424 354.8278 Tm (q)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 303.57 -364.88 cm 0 0 m 82.39 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_15 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 375.655 352.017 Tm (P)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 9.72 -9.46 Td (w)Tj /T1_16 5.98 Tf 5.5 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_17 5.98 Tf (q)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.85 2.74 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.03 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (w)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 348.086 -374.6 Td (;)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 4.104 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf [(id)171(f)]TJ /T1_7 5.98 Tf 20.04 -1 Td (w)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6 1 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.58 2.57 Td (2)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 6.2 -2.57 Td (\243)Tj /T1_15 8.96 Tf 9.21 9.84 Td (q)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 406.43 -364.57 cm 0 0 m 81.62 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_15 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 478.5438 352.017 Tm (P)Tj /T1_7 5.98 Tf 9.73 -9.46 Td (w)Tj /T1_16 5.98 Tf 5.5 0 Td (2)Tj /T1_17 5.98 Tf (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.51 2.74 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 9.03 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (w)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 450.616 -374.6 Td (;)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 4.104 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf (\))Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 8.74 0 Td [(id)171(f)]TJ /T1_7 5.98 Tf 10.86 -1 Td (w)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 6 1 Td (\))Tj /T1_5 5.98 Tf 3.58 2.57 Td (2)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -10.57 -15.87 Td (\(1\))Tj -219.62 -6.43 Td (where)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 24 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.45 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf [(w)-26(;)-172(X)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 22.83 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.69 0 Td [(is)-234(the)-235(frequenc)14(y)-233(of)-235(w)9(ord)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 88.95 0 Td (w)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.95 0 Td (in)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.08 0 Td (X)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.31 0 Td (,)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 4.37 0 Td [(id)171(f)]TJ /T1_7 5.98 Tf 10.86 -0.99 Td (w)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.1 0.99 Td [(is)-235(in)39(v)15(erse)]TJ -205.56 -10.46 Td [(document)-262(frequenc)14(y)-260(\(idf\))-262(\(each)-262(document)-261(corresponds)-262(to)-262(a)-261(post)-262(in)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(the)-250(thread)-250(of)-250(question)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 80.17 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf (\).)Tj /T1_12 8.96 Tf -71.2 -10.46 Td [(Query)-268(lik)9(elihood)-269(language)-269(model.)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 132.72 0 Td [(The)-269(probability)-269(of)-269(generat-)]TJ -141.69 -10.46 Td [(ing)-206(a)-207(question)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 51.37 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.45 0 Td [(from)-206(language)-206(models)-206(of)-207(candidate)-206(answers)-207(can)-206(be)]TJ -58.82 -10.46 Td [(used)-210(to)-210(rank)-209(candidate)-210(answers.)-297(Gi)24(v)15(en)-208(a)-210(question)]TJ /T1_13 8.96 Tf 176.53 0 Td (q)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.48 0 Td [(and)-209(a)-210(candidate)]TJ -184.01 -10.45 Td (answer)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 28.18 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td 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Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (j)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 302.5 -518.66 cm 0 0 m 26.91 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 374.5847 192.8724 Tm (j)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 7.72 0 Td (j)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 4.6 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.22 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 8.61 6.08 Td (\243)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 10.41 5.81 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.45 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (w)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 358.926 -515.09 Td (;)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf 4.104 0 Td (a)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.16 0 Td (\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 343.06 -518.66 cm 0 0 m 28.71 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 424.3786 192.8724 Tm (j)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 22.73 6.08 Td (+)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 21.18 5.8 Td (\270)Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 385.42 -518.66 cm 0 0 m 26.91 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 457.5279 192.8724 Tm (j)Tj /T1_13 8.96 Tf (a)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf (j)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 12.32 0 Td (+)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.21 0 Td (\270)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 8.62 6.08 Td (\243)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 10.41 5.81 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.44 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 3.59 0 Td (w)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 441.846 -515.09 Td [(;)-171(C)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 11.314 0 Td (\))Tj ET q 1.0002747 0 0 1.0002747 72 720 cm 0.38 w q 1 0 0 1 425.98 -518.66 cm 0 0 m 30.76 0 l S Q Q BT /T1_4 8.96 Tf 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 507.3119 192.8724 Tm (j)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (C)Tj /T1_4 8.96 Tf 9.78 0 Td (j)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 28.36 6.08 Td (\(3\))Tj -219.62 -23.39 Td (where)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 24.19 0 Td (f)Tj /T1_6 8.96 Tf 5.45 0 Td (\()Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf (w)Tj 1.0003 0 0 1.0003 72 720 Tm 293.775 -544.29 Td [(;)-171(X)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 12.405 0 Td (\))Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 5.88 0 Td [(denotes)-256(the)-257(frequenc)14(y)-255(of)-256(w)9(ord)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 111.33 0 Td (x)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 7.52 0 Td (in)Tj /T1_2 8.96 Tf 9.27 0 Td (X)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 8.32 0 Td [(,)-257(and)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 19.79 0 Td (C)Tj 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SIGIR 2008, July 20-24, 2008, Singapore
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[(authors)-247(of)-247(candidate)-247(answer)-247(in)-247(forums.)-309(F)14(or)-246(each)-247(candidate)-247(answer)39(,)]TJ T* [(we)-206(can)-205(compute)-206(an)-206(initial)-205(score)-206(of)-206(being)-205(a)-206(true)-206(answer)-205(using)-206(a)-206(rank-)]TJ T* [(ing)-267(method.)-362(T)79(o)-266(use)-267(the)-267(graph)-268(to)-267(compute)-267(a)-267(\002nal)-268(propag)4(ated)-266(score,)]TJ T* [(we)-277(consider)-278(tw)9(o)-276(methods.)-393(The)-277(\002rst)-278(one)-277(inte)14(grates)-277(the)-277(initial)-278(score)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(after)-289(propag)4(ation,)-297(while)-289(the)-289(second)-289(one)-288(inte)14(grates)-288(the)-289(initial)-289(score)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(in)-250(the)-250(process)-250(of)-250(propag)4(ation.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(In)-280(this)-280(paper)39(,)-287(we)-280(propose)-280(and)-281(address)-280(the)-280(problem)-281(of)-280(e)14(xtracting)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td 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0 -10.45 TD [(quisition)-279(from)-280(forums)-279(or)-280(discussion)-279(boards,)-287(e.g.)-678([5,)-287(7,)-287(23].)-399(Close)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(to)-337(our)-338(w)9(ork)-336(is)-337(e)14(xtracting)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 94.07 0 Td [(input-r)37(eply)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 42.52 0 Td [(pairs)-337(for)-338(chatbot)-337(kno)24(wledge)]TJ -136.59 -10.46 Td [(in)-191([23].)-290(The)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 44.11 0 Td [(input-r)36(eply)]TJ /T1_0 8.96 Tf 41.21 0 Td [(pair)-191(is)-190(quite)-191(dif)24(ferent)-190(from)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 94.46 0 Td (question-answer)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -179.78 -10.46 Td [(pair)-294(in)-294(this)-294(paper:)-398(First,)-305(thread)-294(titles)-294(are)-294(treated)-294(as)]TJ /T1_2 8.96 Tf 184.97 0 Td (input)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf 21.07 0 Td [(while)-293(we)]TJ -206.04 -10.46 Td [(detect)-201(one)-201(or)-200(multiple)-201(questions)-201(from)-201(a)-201(thread;)-217(Second)-201(reply)-201(post)-201(as)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(a)-286(whole)-286(is)-286(considered)-286(as)-285(a)]TJ /T1_2 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[(discussions)-239(with)-240(students')-239(query)-240(using)-239(cosine)-240(similarity)64(.)-305(The)-240(prob-)]TJ T* [(lem)-334(there)-334(is)-334(quite)-334(dif)24(ferent)-333(from)-333(ours.)-562(The)-334(w)9(ork)-333(in)-334([23])-334(summa-)]TJ T* [(rizes)-332(internet)-333(relay)-332(chat)-333(by)-332(clustering)-333(a)-332(chat)-333(log)-332(into)-332(se)24(v)14(eral)-331(sub-)]TJ T* [(topics,)-363(and)-340(a)-340(classi\002cation)-341(method)-340(is)-340(used)-340(to)-341(identify)-340(responding)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(messages)-270(of)-270(the)-271(\002rst)-270(message)-270(in)-270(each)-270(sub-topic.)-371(The)-270(classi\002cation)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(method)-325(used)-324(in)-325([23,)-343(7])-325(can)-325(be)-324(adapted)-325(to)-325(rank)-324(candidate)-325(answers)]TJ T* [(for)-234(answer)-235(\002nding,)-237(b)19(ut)-233(e)14(xperimental)-234(results)-234(sho)24(w)-233(that)-235(our)-234(unsuper)19(-)]TJ T* [(vised)-253(techniques)-252(achie)24(v)15(e)-252(better)-253(performance)-253(than)-252(the)-253(classi\002cation)]TJ T* [(method)-250(for)-250(answer)-250(ranking.)]TJ 8.97 -10.45 Td [(Another)-472(related)-473(w)9(ork)-471(is)-473(e)14(xtracting)-472(question-answer)-473(pairs)-472(for)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(email)-221(summarization)-221([18])-221(that)-222(detects)-221(interrog)4(ati)25(v)15(e)-220(questions)-221(using)]TJ T* [(a)-247(classi\002cation)-247(method)-247(similar)-246(to)-247([21],)-248(and)-247(b)19(uild)-245(a)-247(classi\002er)-247(to)-247(\002nd)]TJ T* [(answers)-327(using)-327(le)14(xical)-325(features)-327(and)-327(email-speci\002c)-327(features.)-540(In)-327(our)]TJ T* [(recent)-250(w)9(ork)-250([4],)-250(conditional)-250(random)-250(\002eld)-251(models)-250(are)-250(trained)-251(to)-250(e)14(x-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tract)-224(the)-224(conte)14(xts)-223(and)-224(answers)-224(of)-224(questions)-224(from)-224(forums)-224(and)-224(it)-224(does)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(not)-275(consider)-275(question)-275(e)14(xtraction.)-385(In)-275(contrast,)-282(we)-275(propose)-275(unsuper)19(-)]TJ T* [(vised)-395(techniques)-396(for)-395(answer)-396(detection,)-432(and)-395(a)-395(supervised)-396(method)]TJ T* [(using)-225(automatically)-226(e)14(xtracted)-224(sequence)-226(features)-225(for)-226(question)-225(detec-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(tion.)-621(From)-354(our)-354(e)14(xperience,)-378(it)-354(is)-354(easy)-353(to)-354(label)-354(questions,)-379(b)19(ut)-353(it)-354(is)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(much)-250(harder)-250(and)-250(thus)-250(e)14(xpensi)25(v)15(e)-249(to)-250(label)-250(answers)-250(to)-250(a)-250(question.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(Extensi)25(v)15(e)-314(research)-316(has)-315(been)-315(done)-315(in)-315(TREC)-315(or)-315(A)54(Q)10(U)40(AINT)92(-style)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(question-answering,)-361(e.g.)-339([6,)-361(3].)-576(The)14(y)-338(mainly)-338(focus)-339(on)-339(construct-)]TJ T* [(ing)-249(short)-249(answers)-249(for)-249(a)-248(relati)24(v)15(ely)-248(limited)-249(types)-249(of)-249(question,)-249(such)-249(as)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(f)9(actoid)-265(questions,)-269(from)-266(a)-265(lar)17(ge)-265(document)-266(collection.)-357(This)-265(mak)9(es)-265(it)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(feasible)-325(to)-326(classify)-325(the)-325(answer)-326(type)-325(and)-325(tar)16(get)-324(when)-325(a)-326(question)-325(is)]TJ T* [(parsed.)-583(In)-341(contrast,)-364(our)-341(w)9(ork)-340(focuses)-341(on)-341(the)-341(task)-341(of)-341(locating)-341(an-)]TJ T* [(swers)-235(within)-234(a)-235(forum)-235(thread.)-305(T)79(ypical)-234(questions)-234(e)14(xtracted)-234(in)-235(forums)]TJ T* [(are)-328(more)-328(comple)14(x,)-347(and)-328(it)-328(is)-328(dif)24(\002cult)-327(to)-328(represent)-328(and)-328(identify)-328(an-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(swer)-197(types)-196(for)-197(questions)-197(of)-197(forums,)-207(which)-197(has)-196(long)-197(been)-197(recognized)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(to)-291(be)-291(tough)-291([14].)-434(The)-291(good)-291(ne)24(ws)-290(is)-291(that)-291(we)-291(can)-292(tak)9(e)-290(adv)24(antage)-290(of)]TJ T* [(forum-speci\002c)-342(features,)-365(such)-342(as)-341(the)-342(distance)-342(of)-342(candidate)-342(answer)]TJ T* [(from)-250(question,)-250(to)-250(e)14(xtract)-249(answers)-250(from)-250(forums.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(Research)-369(on)-370(F)73(A)55(Q)-368(retrie)24(v)25(al)-739([1,)-400(17])-369(and)-370(CQA)-370(retrie)24(v)25(al)-368([8])-370(has)]TJ -8.97 -10.45 Td [(focused)-382(on)-383(\002nding)-382(similar)-382(questions)-383(\(together)-382(with)-383(answers\))-382(for)]TJ T* [(a)-403(user)19(-gi)25(v)15(en)-402(question)-404(by)-403(le)24(v)15(eraging)-402(answer)-403(information.)-770(Query)]TJ T* [(e)14(xpansion)-388([1])-390(and)-390(machine)-389(translation)-390(model)-389([1,)-424(8,)-425(17])-389(are)-390(em-)]TJ T* [(plo)9(yed)-333(to)-333(bridge)-334(the)-333(le)14(xical)-333(chasm)-333(between)-334(question)-333(and)-334(answer)54(.)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(The)-294(abo)14(v)15(e)-294(w)9(ork)-293(is)-295(complementary)-294(to)-295(our)-294(w)9(ork,)-305(and)-294(could)-294(be)-295(em-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(plo)9(yed)-294(to)-294(enhance)-295(our)-295(methods.)-444(In)-295(this)-295(paper)-295(we)-294(learn)-295(the)-295(le)14(xical)]TJ T* [(g)4(ap)-342(between)-344(question)-343(and)-343(answer)-344(using)-343(query)-343(e)14(xpansion)-343(method)]TJ T* [(in)-278([1].)-395(W)79(e)-277(plan)-278(to)-278(e)14(xplore)-277(other)-279(approaches)-278(in)-278(the)-278(future.)-395(W)79(e)-277(also)]TJ T* [(notice)-286(the)-286(w)9(ork)-285([9])-286(that)-286(retrie)24(v)15(es)-285(question-answer)-286(pairs)-286(from)-286(F)73(A)55(Q)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(pages)-219(by)-219(le)24(v)15(eraging)-218(indentation)-219(\(e.g.)-299(table\))-219(and)-219(line)-219(pre\002x)-219(\(e.g.)-300(Q:,)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(A:\).)-310(The)-250(task)-250(there)-250(is)-250(easier)-250(than)-250(ours.)]TJ 8.97 -10.46 Td [(The)-249(graph-based)-250(methods,)-249(such)-250(as)-250(P)14(ageRank)-248([2],)-250(ha)19(v)15(e)-249(sho)24(wn)-248(to)]TJ -8.97 -10.46 Td [(be)-329(ef)24(fecti)25(v)15(e)-327(in)-329(the)-329(W)79(eb)-328(search,)-348(where)-329(e)14(xplicit)-327(links)-329(between)-329(web)]TJ T* [(documents)-333(are)-334(present.)-561(There)-333(is)-334(also)-333(some)-334(w)9(ork)-332(b)19(uilding)-333(graphs)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(induced)-273(by)-273(implicit)-273(relationships)-274(between)-273(documents)-273([15,)-279(12,)-279(11].)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(A)-291(graphical)-292(model[11])-292(is)-291(emplo)9(yed)-291(to)-291(estimate)-292(the)-291(joint)-292(probabil-)]TJ T* [(ity)-315(of)-314(all)-315(answers)-314(for)-315(answer)-314(processing)-315(in)-315(QA.)-314(A)-315(graph)-314(b)19(uilt)-314(us-)]TJ T* [(ing)-366(language)-365(models)-366(is)-365(le)24(v)15(eraged)-365(for)-365(document)-366(retrie)24(v)25(al)-364(in)-366([12].)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(Some)24(what)-349(more)-350(closely)-350(related)-350(to)-349(our)-350(w)9(ork)-349(is)-350(the)-350(Le)14(xRank)-349([15])]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(for)-394(re-ranking)-394(candidate)-394(answers.)-741(Le)14(xRank)-393(method)-394(uses)-394(cosine)]TJ T* [(similarity)-336(between)-337(candidate)-336(answers)-337(to)-336(b)19(uild)-336(a)-336(undirected)-337(graph)]TJ T* [(while)-338(we)-338(b)19(uild)-336(weighted)-338(directed)-338(graph.)-574(In)-337(addition,)-360(we)-338(adopt)-338(a)]TJ T* [(dif)24(ferent)-249(propag)4(ation)-249(strate)14(gy)-249(to)-250(compute)-250(ranking)-250(scores.)]TJ /T1_1 11.95 Tf 0 -30.37 TD [(3.)-1000(ALGORITHMS)-716(FOR)-715(Q)9(UESTION)-715(DE-)]TJ 20.92 -13.95 Td (TECTION)Tj /T1_0 8.96 Tf -11.95 -12.95 Td 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SIGIR 2008, July 20-24, 2008, Singapore
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[(Depar)-39(tment)-278(of)-278(Computer)-278(Science)14(,)-277(Tianjin)-278(Univ)24(ersity)100(,)-277(Tianjin,)-278(China)]TJ /T1_3 8.96 Tf 71.8 -11.93 Td (z)Tj /T1_1 11.95 Tf [(Microsoft)-277(Research)-278(Asia,)-278(Beijing,)-278(China)]TJ /T1_4 8.96 Tf -123.84 -11.93 Td (])Tj /T1_1 11.95 Tf 6.91 0 Td [(NLP)-277(Lab)39(.,)-277(Depar)-40(tment)-278(of)-278(Computer)-278(Science)-278(and)-278(Engineer)-15(ing,)-278(K)39(orea)-277(Univ)24(ersity)100(,)-277(K)39(orea)]TJ /T1_5 8.96 Tf 11.13 -10.45 Td [(gaocong@cs.aau.dk)-1625(myimilo@gmail.com)-1626(cyl@microsoft.com)-1626(song@nlp.korea.ac.kr)]TJ /T1_6 11.95 Tf -38.2 -26.55 Td [(ABSTRA)54(CT)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 0 -14.44 TD [(Online)-487(forums)-487(contain)-487(a)-487(huge)-487(amount)-487(of)-488(v)24(aluable)-486(user)-487(gener)19(-)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(ated)-430(content.)-849(In)-429(this)-430(paper)-429(we)-430(address)-430(the)-429(problem)-430(of)-430(e)14(xtract-)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(ing)-448(question-answer)-448(pairs)-448(from)-448(forums.)-904(Question-answer)-448(pairs)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(e)14(xtracted)-396(from)-398(forums)-397(can)-397(be)-397(used)-398(to)-397(help)-397(Question)-398(Answering)]TJ T* [(services)-391(\(e.g.)-735(Y)99(ahoo!)-734(Answers\))-391(among)-392(other)-391(applications.)-735(W)79(e)]TJ T* [(propose)-271(a)-272(sequential)-271(patterns)-271(based)-272(classi\002cation)-271(method)-271(to)-272(detect)]TJ T* [(questions)-225(in)-226(a)-225(forum)-226(thread,)-230(and)-226(a)-225(graph)-226(based)-225(propag)4(ation)-225(method)]TJ 0 -10.45 TD [(to)-326(detect)-326(answers)-325(for)-326(questions)-326(in)-326(the)-326(same)-325(thread.)-538(Experimental)]TJ 0 -10.46 TD [(results)-250(sho)24(w)-249(that)-250(our)-250(techniques)-250(are)-250(v)14(ery)-249(promising.)]TJ /T1_6 8.96 Tf 0 -11.72 TD [(Categories)-306(and)-305(Subject)-306(Descriptors:)]TJ /T1_7 8.96 Tf 143.45 0 Td [(H.3.3)-305([Information)-306(Search)]TJ -143.45 -10.46 Td 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SIGIR 2008, July 20-24, 2008, Singapore
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