{"id":1044072,"date":"2024-06-18T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-18T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/?p=1044072"},"modified":"2024-06-21T06:28:04","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T13:28:04","slug":"microcode-portable-programming-for-the-bbc-microbit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/blog\/microcode-portable-programming-for-the-bbc-microbit\/","title":{"rendered":"MicroCode: Portable programming for the BBC micro:bit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>This research paper was presented at the <\/em><\/strong><a class=\"msr-external-link glyph-append glyph-append-open-in-new-tab glyph-append-xsmall\" href=\"https:\/\/idc.acm.org\/2024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>23rd annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"sr-only\"> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a><strong><em> (IDC 2024) the premier forum for inclusive child-centered design and learning.<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1.png\" alt=\"\"ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference\" in white to the left of the front page of the publication \"Meet MicroCode: a Live and Portable Programming Tool for the BBC micro:bit\" on a purple background\" class=\"wp-image-1048434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1.png 1400w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-1066x600.png 1066w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-655x368.png 655w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-240x135.png 240w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-960x540.png 960w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-1280x720.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Between 2016 and 2018, Microsoft Research and the Developer Division developed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/makecode\">Microsoft MakeCode<\/a>, a versatile, free web-based platform aimed at teaching coding. While MakeCode supports various devices, one notable application is with the BBC micro:bit, a compact, feature-rich computer designed primarily for students aged 11 to 14. Despite the success of the platform, now used in over 60 countries with more than 8 million micro:bits, it faces challenges, such as the need for a continuous internet connection and access to a computer, which can be limiting in nonclassroom environments and distracting due to competing online content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/micro-bit.png\" alt=\"The BBC micro:bit (version 2), front and back sides.\" class=\"wp-image-1044138\" style=\"width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/micro-bit.png 624w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/micro-bit-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/micro-bit-240x97.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1. The micro:bit V2 is half the size of a credit card. The front of the micro:bit is on the left, and the back is on the right. The micro:bit features buttons, sensors, LEDs, a microphone, speaker, a radio antenna, and is battery powered. On the bottom, the micro:bit\u2019s connector allows it to be slotted into various devices (<em>shields<\/em>) that provide added functionality.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"microcode-mobility-focused-visual-programming\">MicroCode: Mobility-focused visual programming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our paper, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/publication\/meet-microcode-idc2024\/\">Meet MicroCode: a Live and Portable Programming Tool for the BBC micro:bit<\/a>,\u201d presented at IDC 2024, addresses these issues with MicroCode, a <em>portable programming<\/em> approach that makes it possible to program the micro:bit anywhere\u2014whether in a classroom, outdoors, or on the bus\u2014without needing a separate internet-connected computer.&nbsp;The MicroCode system leverages two technological advances to enable portable programming:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>micro:bit V2<\/strong>: The micro:bit V2 has 128 kilobytes of RAM and a faster processor than its predecessor, allowing it to support a small external color screen.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Arcade shield<\/strong>: This is a low-cost, battery-powered, handheld device into which the micro:bit V2 can be inserted. It provides a color screen and inputs that enable live and portable programming. The shield pictured in Figure 2 is one of three commercially available Arcade shields for the micro:bit V2.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure2.png\" alt=\"The BBC micro:bit slotted into an Arcade shield, which has a small color screen and extra inputs. \" class=\"wp-image-1044108\" style=\"width:484px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure2.png 744w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure2-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure2-227x180.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2. The micro:bit V2 (top) is inserted into a Game Bit, a commercially available Arcade shield, which displays a MicroCode program. Arcade shields offer a small color screen and extra features, enabling users to have a wider variety of experiences. The shields do not have user-programmable processors\u2014the micro:bit supplies this capability.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Research shows novices\u2019 willingness to adopt new programming tools often depends on how easy, familiar, and understandable these tools are. This drove our decision to use the <a class=\"msr-external-link glyph-append glyph-append-open-in-new-tab glyph-append-xsmall\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kodugamelab.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kodu<span class=\"sr-only\"> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> visual programming model for young children and beginners. We created a mini version of the Kodu editor specifically for the micro:bit V2, enabling users to fully utilize the device\u2019s hardware features to create simple programs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The complete system\u2014editor, user\u2019s program, compiler, and runtime\u2014is integrated into the micro:bit V2\u2019s permanent memory. This allows programs to keep running even when the device is disconnected, to be edited again once reconnected, speeding up the development process and making portability a reality. The user-friendly interface enables cursor-based editing for creating and modifying Kodu\u2019s \u201cWhen-Do\u201d rules and editing 5\u00d75 images, as shown in Figure 3. The shield\u2019s directional pad and buttons make for smooth navigation and selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure3.png\" alt=\"A MicroCode program for displaying happy\/sad face based on user input. \" class=\"wp-image-1044111\" style=\"width:392px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure3.png 288w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/MicroCode_Figure3-240x169.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3. A MicroCode program (Happy\/Sad) consists of four rules: the first two are activated by pressing the micro:bit\u2019s A button. The second two are activated by pressing the B button.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"evaluation-and-findings\">Evaluation and findings&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To evaluate the impact of MicroCode, education researchers at Lancaster University conducted a study across three UK schools. The findings, reported in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/publication\/meet-microcode-idc2024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">paper<\/a>, reveal that MicroCode effectively supports micro:bit-based learning at the primary level, engaging children and giving them a sense of agency. By simplifying the process of updating programs in real-time, MicroCode has expanded the learning context to include activities such as outdoor data collection. Furthermore, this innovative tool has inspired teachers to explore the integration of physical computing into a broader curriculum, transcending traditional boundaries of computing education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\t<div class=\"border-bottom border-top border-gray-300 mt-5 mb-5 msr-promo text-center text-md-left alignwide\" data-bi-aN=\"promo\" data-bi-id=\"999693\">\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<p class=\"msr-promo__label text-gray-800 text-center text-uppercase\">\n\t\t<span class=\"px-4 bg-white display-inline-block font-weight-semibold small\">Spotlight: Event Series<\/span>\n\t<\/p>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"row pt-3 pb-4 align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"msr-promo__media col-12 col-md-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"bg-gray-300\" href=\"https:\/\/researchforum.microsoft.com\/?OCID=msr_researchforum_MCR_Blog_Promo\" aria-label=\"Microsoft Research Forum\" data-bi-cN=\"Microsoft Research Forum\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"w-100 display-block\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/01\/MRF-24_WebImage_1400x788.png\" alt=\"various abstract 3D shapes on a light blue background\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"msr-promo__content p-3 px-5 col-12 col-md\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"h4\">Microsoft Research Forum<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"large\">Join us for a continuous exchange of ideas about research in the era of general AI. Watch the first four episodes on demand.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-buttons justify-content-center justify-content-md-start\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/researchforum.microsoft.com\/?OCID=msr_researchforum_MCR_Blog_Promo\" class=\"btn btn-brand glyph-append glyph-append-chevron-right\" aria-label=\"Register for series\" data-bi-cN=\"Microsoft Research Forum\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRegister for series\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!--\/.msr-promo__content-->\n\t<\/div><!--\/.msr-promo__inner-wrap-->\n\t<\/div><!--\/.msr-promo-->\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"implications-and-looking-forward\">Implications and looking forward&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>MicroCode has transformed the programming environment for the micro:bit, providing portability and the ability to improve the classroom experience. Compatible with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/project\/jacdac-connect-and-code-electronics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jacdac plug-and-play system<\/a>, MicroCode extends its functionality with easy-to-connect peripherals like sensors and actuators. This integration expands the micro:bit\u2019s capabilities, enabling it to detect environmental changes and control various devices. Additionally, MicroCode can now remotely operate an array of robot accessories through the micro:bit\u2019s radio protocol.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our collaboration with academic and industry partners is just beginning, and we\u2019re eager to explore this tool\u2019s full potential. For example, we\u2019re currently testing new MicroCode backpack kits to facilitate learning outside traditional settings. Our goal is to empower educators to extend the portable programming approach beyond the classroom.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking to the future, we envision MicroCode as a cornerstone in schools for an extensible creative computing platform applicable across multiple subjects. One exciting development is MicroData, a new application pioneered by a student from Lancaster University. Derived from MicroCode, MicroData focuses on data science, enabling students to collect and analyze environmental data or assess the impact of chemical reactions in real-time. This innovation highlights the platform&#8217;s versatility and potential for fostering rapid experimentation and interactive learning experiences.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MicroCode is available on <a class=\"msr-external-link glyph-append glyph-append-open-in-new-tab glyph-append-xsmall\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/microcode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GitHub<span class=\"sr-only\"> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> and built with <a class=\"msr-external-link glyph-append glyph-append-open-in-new-tab glyph-append-xsmall\" href=\"https:\/\/arcade.makecode.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Microsoft MakeCode Arcade<span class=\"sr-only\"> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a>. The <a class=\"msr-external-link glyph-append glyph-append-open-in-new-tab glyph-append-xsmall\" href=\"https:\/\/microsoft.github.io\/microcode\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">web app<span class=\"sr-only\"> (opens in new tab)<\/span><\/a> version is also available for those without a shield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We would like to thank the Micro:bit Educational Foundation, the Microsoft MakeCode team, and our colleagues at Lancaster University for their support and contributions to this work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MicroCode offers an affordable way to program the BBC micro:bit without needing an internet connection, fostering exploratory 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Anderson","user_id":31706,"display_name":"Eric Anderson","author_link":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/eanders\/\" aria-label=\"Visit the profile page for Eric Anderson\">Eric Anderson<\/a>","is_active":false,"last_first":"Anderson, Eric","people_section":0,"alias":"eanders"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Thomas Ball","user_id":33895,"display_name":"Thomas Ball","author_link":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/tball\/\" aria-label=\"Visit the profile page for Thomas Ball\">Thomas Ball<\/a>","is_active":false,"last_first":"Ball, Thomas","people_section":0,"alias":"tball"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Peli de Halleux","user_id":32253,"display_name":"Peli de Halleux","author_link":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/jhalleux\/\" aria-label=\"Visit the profile page for Peli de Halleux\">Peli de Halleux<\/a>","is_active":false,"last_first":"de Halleux, Peli","people_section":0,"alias":"jhalleux"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"James Devine","user_id":41632,"display_name":"James Devine","author_link":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/devinejames\/\" aria-label=\"Visit the profile page for James Devine\">James Devine<\/a>","is_active":false,"last_first":"Devine, James","people_section":0,"alias":"devinejames"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Michal Moskal","user_id":37431,"display_name":"Michal Moskal","author_link":"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/mimoskal\/\" aria-label=\"Visit the profile page for Michal Moskal\">Michal Moskal<\/a>","is_active":false,"last_first":"Moskal, Michal","people_section":0,"alias":"mimoskal"}],"msr_type":"Post","featured_image_thumbnail":"<img width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/uploads\/prod\/2024\/06\/ACM_IDC24-BlogHeroFeature-1400x788-1-960x540.png\" class=\"img-object-cover\" alt=\"ACM 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