A law of robustness for two-layers neural networks.

We initiate the study of the inherent tradeoffs between the size of a neural network and its robustness, as measured by its Lipschitz constant. We make a precise conjecture that, for any Lipschitz activation function and for most datasets, any two-layers neural network with \(k\) neurons that perfectly fit the data must have its Lipschitz constant larger (up to a constant) than \(\sqrt{n/k}\) where \(n\) is the number of datapoints. In particular, this conjecture implies that overparametrization is necessary for robustness, since it means that one needs roughly one neuron per datapoint to ensure a \(O(1)\)-Lipschitz network, while mere data fitting of \(d\)-dimensional data requires only one neuron per \(d\) datapoints. We prove a weaker version of this conjecture when the Lipschitz constant is replaced by an upper bound on it based on the spectral norm of the weight matrix. We also prove the conjecture for the ReLU activation function in the high-dimensional regime \(n \approx d\), and for a polynomial activation function of degree \(p\) when \(n \approx d^p\). We complement these findings with experimental evidence supporting the conjecture.