Welcome to 2023! I wanted to kick this year off by having a quick look at the trends in identity security, what you can do about it, and what Microsoft is doing to help you. One of the things we talk about on the team is “shiny object syndrome”—there are a ton of innovative and scary attacks and research out there. Unfortunately, each one tends to pull us into “but what about…” where we’re being asked how we will handle the nascent headline grabber. This approach can whipsaw teams and prevent the completion of our defense projects, leaving us exposed to old and new ones.
Attackers will innovate—our response in the defender community needs to be thoughtful and strategic. But we don’t need to panic. We can take as an example ransomware attacks. These are scary and grab headlines because of crippling work stoppages or huge ransoms. But recent studies by Expert Insights confirm what we’ve known for ages—more often than not, attacks like ransomware are the second stage, predicated by an identity compromise. In fact, if you read all the attention-grabbing headlines, you’ll find that most novel techniques rely on compromising identity first. This shows the importance of getting our identity basics right and keeping our eyes on the ball.
Pamela Dingle gave a keynote at Authenticate 2022 in which she discussed identity attacks in terms of waves (and has recapped on LinkedIn—if you haven’t read it, you should). She was kind enough to let me weigh in, and I’m going to borrow the paradigm to frame our guidance. Pam likened escalating identity attacks to threats in a voyage in her talk. These threats decrease in volume as they increase in sophistication and novelty:
This is an awesome frame for thinking through the attacks, so we’ll use it here to complement her blog with concrete features and guidance. I am adding one more threat to her framework—the critical importance of posture agility that helps us deal with the next “rogue wave.” Hopefully, this framing will help you build out a strategic approach that addresses the critical issues you are facing now, help you invest thoughtfully for emerging threats, and set you up for defensive agility in the year ahead. Let’s dive in.
Simple password attacks are pervasive. They are the water we swim in. I detail these extensively in “Your Password Doesn’t Matter.” The dominant three attacks are:
These attacks are effectively free to execute on a massive scale. As a result, Microsoft deflects more than 1,000 password attacks per second in our systems, and more than 99.9 percent of accounts that are compromised don’t have multifactor authentication enabled. Multifactor authentication is one of the most basic defenses against identity attacks today, and despite relentlessly advocating multifactor authentication usage for the past six years, including it in every flavor of Microsoft Azure Active Directory (Azure AD), and innovating in mechanisms from Microsoft Authenticator to FIDO, only 28 percent of users last month had any multifactor authentication session. With such low coverage, attackers increase their attack rate to get what they want. The adoption rate is a demonstration of a critical issue I will return to in this blog—in most organizations, budgets and resources are tight, security staff is overwhelmed, and shiny object syndrome pulls us in many directions, preventing the closure of issues.
Driving more multifactor authentication usage is the most important thing we can do for the ecosystem, and if you aren’t yet requiring multifactor authentication for all users, enable it. Old-fashioned, bolt-on multifactor authentication was clunky, requiring copying codes from phone to computer and getting multiple prompts. Modern multifactor authentication using apps, tokens, or the device itself is very low friction or even invisible to the users. Old-fashioned multifactor authentication had to be bought and deployed separately and at additional cost. Modern multifactor authentication is included in all SKUs, deeply integrated into Azure AD, and requires no additional management.
Our strong position is that all user sessions should be multifactor authentication protected, and we are doing all we can to get there. This is why all new tenants created since 2019 have multifactor authentication enabled by default, and why we are now turning on multifactor authentication on behalf of tenants who have not demonstrated interest in their security settings.
If you have enabled multifactor authentication, you can pat yourself on the back and be happy that you’ve effectively deflected the dominant identity attacks. While still far less than the 100 percent we are striving for, the 28 percent of users who are now protected with multifactor authentication include some who are targets for attackers. To get to these targets, attackers have to attack multifactor authentication itself.
Examples here include:
Note these attacks require more effort and attacker investment, and as a result are detected in the tens of thousands per month—not thousands per second. But all the attacks mentioned are on the rise, and we expect to see that continue as basic multifactor authentication coverage increases.
To defeat these attacks, it is critical not just to use multifactor authentication, but to use the right multifactor authentication. We recommend Authenticator, Windows Hello, and FIDO. For organizations with existing personal identity verification card and common access card (PIV and CAC) infrastructure, certificate-based authentication (CBA) is a good phishing-resistant (and executive order-compliant) solution. Bonus: All of these methods are considerably easier to use than passwords or telephony-based multifactor authentication.
Determined attackers are using malware to steal tokens from devices—allowing a valid user to perform valid multifactor authentication on a valid machine, but then using credential stealers to take the cookies and tokens and use them elsewhere. This method is on the rise and has been used in recent high-profile attacks. Tokens can also be stolen if incorrectly logged or if intercepted by compromised routing infrastructure, but the most common mechanism by far is malware on a machine. If a user is running as admin on a machine, then they are just one click away from token theft. Core Zero Trust principles like running effective endpoint protection, managing devices, and, critically, using least privileged access (meaning, run as a user, not an admin, on your machines) are great defenses. Pay attention to signals that indicate that token theft is occurring, and require re-authentication for critical scenarios like machine enrollment.
Another bypass attack is OAuth consent phishing. This is where someone tricks an existing user into giving an application permission to access on their behalf. Attackers send a link asking for consent (“consent phishing”) and if the user falls for the attack, then the app can access the user’s data even when the user is not present. Like other attacks in this category, they are rare but increasing. We strongly recommend inspecting what apps your users are consenting to and limiting consent to applications from verified publishers.
As you get more effective at using identity to secure your organizations and build your Zero Trust policies, advanced attackers are attacking identity infrastructure itself—predominantly taking advantage of outdated, unpatched, or otherwise insecure on-premises network vulnerabilities to steal secrets, compromise federation servers, or otherwise subvert the infrastructure we rely on. This mechanism is insidious, because the attackers often take advantage of access to hide their tracks, and once the access control plane is lost, it can be incredibly difficult to effectively evict an actor.
We are working hard to strengthen hybrid and multicloud detections and build automated protection for specific indicators that attackers are moving against identity infrastructure. Critically, because of the incredible difficulty of protecting on-premises deployments from malware, lateral movement, and emerging threats, you should reduce your dependencies on on-premises infrastructure, shifting authority to the cloud where possible. You should specifically isolate your cloud infrastructure from your on-premises environment. Finally, it is critical to partner closely with your security operations center (SOC) to make sure that privileged identity administrators and on-premises servers win special scrutiny. And because today’s sophisticated adversaries will look for any gap in your security, securing user identities also means protecting non-human identities and the infrastructure that stores and manages identities as well.
Our team assists with hundreds of significant cases every year, and one of the most critical issues we see is the difficulty of keeping up with increasing volumes and intensity of attacks. Whether it is assisting customers who are running Windows Server 2008 Domain Controllers or the customers still struggling with multifactor authentication rollout, the rapid pace of attacker innovation is hard to meet for organizations with the tremendous budget, resources, hiring, and political pressure facing them—and that only addresses those organizations that think about security. Our consumer accounts (like those used to access Outlook.com or Xbox) are 50 times less likely to be hacked than enterprise accounts—because, for these consumer accounts, we can manage the multifactor authentication policy, risk mitigations, and other key security aspects. All these capabilities (and more) are available to organizations—but the cost of posture management proves too much for many customers.
Our team is committed not just to reducing costs associated with identity attacks, but to massively reducing the investments required to get and stay secure. This is the common thread that runs through our many investments—whether it is Conditional Access gap analysis, adapting Authenticator to address evolving multifactor authentication fatigue attacks, continuously evolving and expanding our threat detections, or our security defaults program, we are committed to protecting the users, organizations, and systems that depend on identity from unauthorized access and fraud—it is very clear that this must include helping organizations start secure (or get secure) and stay secure, to do more with less.
As you invest in identity security, we encourage you to invest in mechanisms that allow your organization to be agile—automating responses to common threats (for example, auto-blocking or requiring password change), using mechanisms like Authenticator that can evolve and adapt to new threats, shifting authority to the cloud (where detections and mitigations are agile), and being attentive to indications of risk derived from our machine learning systems.
Whether you’re an admin at a major company or launching a startup from your garage, protecting user identities is crucial. Knowing who is accessing your resources and for what purpose provides a foundation of security upon which all else rests. For that reason, it’s imperative to do everything possible to strengthen your identity posture today. The challenges are significant, but defensive strategies and technology are there to help.
If I may be so bold as to propose some New Year’s resolutions for your identity security efforts:
Each of these recommendations has value in and of itself, but taken together, they represent an approach to defense-in-depth. Defense-in-depth encourages us to assume that any single control might be overcome by an attacker, so we have multiple layers of defense. In the recommendations listed in this blog, a user with perfect authentication should never be compromised, but we layer in endpoint protection, SOC monitoring, automated responses, and posture agility assuming that no one control is adequate.
To learn more about how you can protect your organization, be sure to read Joy Chik’s blog, Microsoft Entra: 5 identity priorities for 2023. If you’re interested in a comprehensive security solution that includes identity and access management, extended detection and response, and security information and event management, visit the Microsoft Entra page, along with Microsoft Defender for Identity and Microsoft Sentinel, to learn how this family of multicloud identity and security products can protect your organization.
To learn more about Microsoft Security solutions, visit our website. Bookmark the Security blog to keep up with our expert coverage on security matters. Also, follow us at @MSFTSecurity for the latest news and updates on cybersecurity.
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